@article {1690,
	title = {The compound eye of the dung beetle, Bolbocerosoma nigroplagiatum (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)},
	journal = {Applied Entomology and Zoology},
	volume = {32},
	number = {1},
	year = {1997},
	note = {Times Cited: 1Cited Reference Count: 20Cited References:      CAVENEY S, 1986, CAN J ZOOL, V64, P1787     CAVENEY S, 1993, SYST ENTOMOL, V18, P1     FRANTSEVICH L, 1977, J COMP PHYSIOL A, V121, P253     GOKAN N, 1989, APPL ENTOMOL ZOOL, V24, P133     GOKAN N, 1989, APPL ENTOMOL ZOOL, V24, P483     GOKAN N, 1982, APPL ENTOMOL ZOOL, V17, P227     GOKAN N, 1979, APPL ENTOMOL ZOOL, V14, P12     GOKAN N, 1987, J AGR SCI, V32, P10     GOKAN N, 1990, JPN J ENTOMOL, V58, P185     GOKAN N, 1989, JPN J ENTOMOL, V57, P823     GOKAN N, 1982, KONTYU, V50, P330     GOKAN N, 1973, KONTYU, V41, P106     GOKAN N, 1990, NZ ENTOMOL, V13, P7     HORRIDGE GA, 1971, P R SOC LOND B, V179, P73     LABHART T, 1992, CELL TISSUE RES, V268, P4219     MEYERROCHOW VB, 1987, APPL ENTOMOL ZOOL, V22, P358     MEYERROCHOW VB, 1978, J INSECT PHYSL, V24, P165     MEYERROCHOW VB, 1988, J YOKOHAMA CITY U NS, V3, P1     MEYERROCHOW VB, 1977, NZ J ZOOL, V4, P21     MEYERROCHOW VB, 1975, P ROY SOC B, V188, P1EnglishArticleWL091APPL ENTOMOL ZOOL},
	month = {Feb},
	pages = {109-118},
	abstract = {The compound eye of a nocturnal dung beetle, Bolbocerosoma nigroplagiatum, was observed by light and electron microscopy and compared with that of other scarabaeid beetles. The eye is completely divided into two parts by a well developed canthus into relatively narrow dorsal and comparatively wide ventral eyes. The inner surface of the cornea protrudes inwards and forms an exocone, while at the same time the crystalline cone is much reduced Such a condition of a {\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}duocone{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright} dioptric apparatus seems to have been found so far only in Omorgus of the Trogidae. The retina is of the scotopic type, and the configuration of the rhabdom is different in dorsal and ventral eyes. The rhabdoms of several rows of the dorsalmost region in the dorsal eye are composed of three rhabdomeres in which parallel and long microvilli are orientated in three directions, and four V-shaped rhabdomeres in transverse section. In the remaining part of the dorsal eye as well as in the entire ventral eye, the rhabdoms exhibit a seven-lobed pattern. One of the rhabdomeres is formed by parallel and linear microvilli which are less electron-dense. A microvillar arrangement such as this suggests a special function e.g. polarization vision.},
	keywords = {{\textquoteright}, Bolbocerosoma nigroplagiatum, compound eye, dioptrics, duocone, fine-structure, ommatidium structure, Scarabaeidae, ultrastructure},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1997WL09100014},
	author = {Gokan, N.}
}
@article {1880,
	title = {The beetle fauna of hyaena latrines: coprocenoses consisting of necrophagous beetles (Coleoptera Trogidae Scarabaeidae)},
	journal = {Tropical Zoology},
	volume = {16},
	year = {2003},
	note = {hard and digital copies},
	pages = {145-152},
	abstract = {The scarab beetle fauna (Coleoptera Scarabaeoidea) on Spotted Hyaena, Crocuta crocuta (Erxleben 1777), scats was investigated to identify the feeding guilds of scarabs on an unusual dung substrate. During 19 months inspecting hyaena latrines and surrounding roads, 69 specimens of 8 species of Scarabaeoidea (Trogidae and Scarabaeidae) were collected from 200 hyaena fae- ces samples and 17 samples of regurgitated hairs. With increasing amount of hairs in the samples, attraction to hyaena faeces increased (from dry, white fae- ces to soft, brownish faeces to regurgitated hairs). Most of the scarab species that we found feed generally on carrion and omnivore/carnivore dung. Three species have not previously been found on carrion but are likely to be (faculta- tive) necrophages. Further records of beetles from hyaena faeces indicate that almost all species that are attracted by this bait are at least facultatively necrophagous. The dung part of their diet consists mainly of omnivore or carni- vore faeces as is usual for necro-coprophagous species.},
	keywords = {{\textquoteright}, Africa, congo, COPROPHAGOUS BEETLES mammals, Cote d, dung beetle, Ivoire, necrophagy, Scarabaeidae},
	author = {Krell, Frank-Thorsten and Korb, J and Walter, Philippe}
}
@article {1889,
	title = {Diel separation of Afrotropical dung beetle guilds - avoiding competition and neglecting resources (Coleoptera : Scarabaeoidea)},
	journal = {Journal of Natural History},
	volume = {38},
	number = {17},
	year = {2004},
	note = {823AIJ NATUR HIST},
	month = {Sep},
	pages = {2225-2249},
	abstract = {Dung beetle guilds of different competitive level coexist at high abundances in the forest - savanna mosaic of Ivory Coast. A total of 25 875 specimens was recorded from 90 samples of fresh buffalo dung exposed for 4- h periods over the day in the Parc National de la Comoe. Redundancy analyses show different patterns of the guild structure determined by time of day, and positive correlations of guild abundance with temperature. The competitively superior telecoprids ( rollers) have their abundance peak at midday when the high temperatures presumably enable them to perform their energetically costly rolling behaviour at greater speed. The competitively intermediate paracoprids ( tunnellers) and the competitively inferior endocoprids ( dwellers) have their peak around dusk when: ( 1) the superior competitors are not active, and ( 2) they can easily synchronize their flight activity using light intensity changes. During the two peaks of flight activity of the dung beetles, their abundance at the resource is very high, causing obvious competition. On the other hand, the resource is hardly used between 22: 00 h and 10: 00 h. This is probably due to physiological constraints ( high optimum temperature required for the diurnal species and dependence on light intensity patterns as a flight trigger of the nocturnal species, respectively). Shifting flight activity to these periods of low competition does not occur, resulting in a unequal level of competition over the day, thus periods of considerable competition within dung beetle assemblages alternate with vacant temporal refuges.},
	keywords = {{\textquoteright}, Cote d, Dung beetles, Ivore},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000221581700007},
	author = {Krell-Westerwalbesloh, Sylvia and Krell, Frank-Thorsten and Linsenmair, K. Eduard}
}
@article {1927,
	title = {Relaciones entre escarabajos (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) y nidos de tuza (Rodentia: Geomydae): implicaciones biologicas y biogeograficas},
	journal = {Acta Zoologica Mexicana (nueva serie)},
	volume = {62},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {1-9},
	keywords = {{\textquoteright}, association with rodents, nests, Onthophagus, Scarabaeinae},
	author = {Lobo, Jorge M. and Halffter, Gonzalo}
}
