@article {1497,
	title = {A comparative analysis of metabolic rate in six Scarabaeus species (Coleoptera : Scarabaeidae) from southern Africa: further caveats when inferring adaptation},
	journal = {Journal of Insect Physiology},
	volume = {46},
	number = {4},
	year = {2000},
	note = {Times Cited: 8Cited Reference Count: 73Cited References:      ANDREWARTHA HG, 1954, DISTRIBUTION ABUNDAN     AYRES MP, 1994, ECOL MONOGR, V64, P465     BERRIGAN D, 1997, COMP BIOCHEM PHYS A, V118, P1301     BLOCK W, 1977, J EXP BIOL, V68, P69     BULLOCK TH, 1955, BIOL REV, V30, P311     CHAPPELL MA, 1983, OECOLOGIA, V56, P126     CHOWN SL, 1999, BIOL REV, V74, P87     CHOWN SL, 1998, CAN J ZOOL, V76, P1123     CHOWN SL, 1997, PHYSIOL ZOOL, V70, P116     COSSINS AR, 1987, TEMPERATURE BIOL ANI     CRAFFORD JE, 1993, POLAR BIOL, V13, P411     CUSHMAN JH, 1993, OECOLOGIA, V95, P30     DJAWDAN M, 1997, ECOLOGY, V78, P828     DONAHAYE E, 1993, PHYSIOL ENTOMOL, V18, P247     DONAHAYE E, 1992, PHYSIOL ENTOMOL, V17, P219     EDNEY EB, 1977, ZOOPHYSIOLOGY ECOLOG, V9     EDWARDS PB, 1988, OECOLOGIA, V75, P527     GARLAND T, 1994, PHYSIOL ZOOL, V67, P797     GIBBS AG, 1997, J EXP BIOL, V200, P1821     HADLEY NF, 1985, COMP BIOCHEM PHYS A, V80, P307     HADLEY NF, 1994, WATER BALANCE TERRES     HARVEY PH, 1991, COMP METHOD EVOLUTIO     HODKINSON ID, 1997, ECOL ENTOMOL, V22, P47     HOFFMANN AA, 1989, BIOL J LINN SOC, V37, P117     HOFFMANN AA, 1991, EVOLUTIONARY GENETIC     HONIK A, 1996, EUROPEAN J ENTOMOLOG, V93, P303     HUEY RB, 1996, ANIMALS TEMPERATURE, P205     JULIANO SA, 1986, CAN J ZOOL, V64, P73     KLOK CJ, 1994, THESIS U PRETORIA     LIGHTON JRB, 1996, ANNU REV ENTOMOL, V41, P309     LIGHTON JRB, 1991, J EXP BIOL, V159, P249     LIGHTON JRB, 1988, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V85, P4765     LIGHTON JRB, 1995, PHYSIOL ZOOL, V68, P43     LIGHTON JRB, 1994, PHYSIOL ZOOL, V67, P142     LOEHLE C, 1998, J BIOGEOGR, V25, P735     LOVERIDGE JP, 1968, J EXP BIOL, V49, P15     LUDWIG D, 1937, PHYSIOL ZOOL, V10, P342     MACARTHUR RH, 1972, GEOGRAPHICAL ECOLOGY     MACKAY WP, 1982, PHYSIOL ZOOL, V55, P367     MASSION DD, 1983, COMP BIOCHEM PHYS A, V74, P101     MOLE S, 1994, FUNCT ECOL, V8, P573     MOSTERT LE, 1982, CIMBEBASIA A, V5, P273     MOSTERT LE, 1986, ENTOMOLOGY MEMOIRS, V65, P1     NYLUND L, 1991, COMP BIOCHEM PHYS A, V100, P853     PARSONS PA, 1996, EVOL BIOL, V29, P39     PINKA ER, 1983, EVOLUTIONARY ECOLOGY     PRICE T, 1998, PHILOS T ROY SOC B, V352, P519     QUINLAN MC, 1993, PHYSIOL ZOOL, V66, P628     RICKLEFS RE, 1996, OIKOS, V77, P167     ROGERS DJ, 1991, NATURE, V351, P739     SCHMIDTNIELSEN K, 1997, ANIMAL PHYSL ADAPTAT     SCHOLANDER PF, 1953, PHYSIOL ZOOL, V26, P67     SCHOLTZ CH, 1989, J ARID ENVIRON, V16, P305     SCHOLTZ CH, 1981, J ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC, V44, P83     SCHULTZ TD, 1992, PHYSIOL ZOOL, V65, P226     SCHULZE R, 1997, S AFRICAN ATLAS AGRO     SMITH DS, 1964, J MORPHOL, V114, P107     SOKAL RR, 1995, BIOMETRY PRINCIPLES     SOMME L, 1991, INSECTS LOW TEMPERAT, P318     SOMME L, 1995, INVERTEBRATES HOT CO     SOMME L, 1989, POLAR BIOL, V10, P135     STROMME JA, 1989, FAUNA NORV B, V36, P57     STROMME JA, 1986, POLAR RES, V4, P199     TAUBER MJ, 1998, ENVIRON ENTOMOL, V27, P523     WASSERTHAL LT, 1996, ADV INSECT PHYSIOL, V26, P297     WILLIAMS AE, 1998, J EXP BIOL, V201, P2945     WILLIAMS AE, 1998, J EXP BIOL, V201, P2953     WILLIAMS AE, 1997, J EXP BIOL, V200, P615     YOUNG SR, 1979, J INSECT PHYSL, V25, P361     ZACHARIASSEN KE, 1987, COMP BIOCHEM PHYS A, V86, P403     ZERA AJ, 1997, ANNU REV ENTOMOL, V42, P207     ZERA AJ, 1997, PHYSIOL ZOOL, V70, P519     ZURSTRASSEN R, 1967, ENTOMOLOGISCHE BLATT, V63, P129EnglishArticle293GBJ INSECT PHYSIOL},
	month = {Apr},
	pages = {553-562},
	abstract = {Alterations in VO2 or VCO2 are amongst the more polemical physiological adaptations ascribed to insects. Generally, metabolic rate is thought to be lowered in response to arid conditions, and elevated in species from cold environments compared to their more temperate relatives. However, most studies have rarely addressed the influence of both environmental factors in unison. To this end, standard metabolic rate and its temperature dependence were measured (at 4 degrees C intervals from 16 to 32 degrees C) in six Scarabaeus dung beetle species (three flightless, three volant) from a variety of habitats (warm, arid to cool, mesic) in southern Africa using flow-through respirometry. Mass specific VCO2 varied from 0.0158 mi g(-1) h(-1) at 16 degrees C to 0.1839 ml g(-1) h(-1) at 32 degrees C. The slopes of the rate temperature curves were similar for all species (Q(10)s of 2.14-2.84), although the intercepts differed significantly in the direction (warm arid to cool mesic): S. gariepinus<S. hippocrates<S. striatum<S. galenus<S. rusticus<S. westwoodi. General Linear models were fitted to the VCO2 data with treatment temperature, wing status, mean annual rainfall and mean annual temperature as the independent variables. For all six species, the best fit model included treatment temperature and wing status only. Flightless species had significantly lower VCO(2)s than did winged ones. Amongst the flightless species, S. gariepinus, from the driest area, had the lowest VCO2. Among the winged species it was impossible to determine whether environmental temperature or water availability were most important in influencing VCO2; both were significant. We conclude that investigations of metabolic rate modulation, and especially metabolic cold adaptation, in insects must take both temperature and water availability into account. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {acclimatisation, consumption, cricket gryllus-firmus, desiccation resistance, drosophila-melanogaster, gas-exchange, ins, metabolic cold adaptation, oxygen-, respiratory metabolism, respirometry, unselected strain, VCO2, water-loss},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000085842500019},
	author = {Davis, A. L. V. and Chown, S. L. and McGeoch, M. A. and Scholtz, C. H.}
}
@article {1822,
	title = {A cost of maternal care in the dung beetle Onthophagus taurus?},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	volume = {15},
	number = {1},
	year = {2002},
	note = {EnglishArticleJANJ EVOLUTION BIOL},
	pages = {57-64},
	abstract = {Parental care theory assumes that investment in current offspring will trade against future investment. A number of field studies on birds have used clutch size manipulations to demonstrate a survival cost to chick rearing. However, such studies do not account for costs accrued during earlier stages of reproduction because not all aspects of reproductive effort are manipulated by varying the number of nestlings. in this study, we investigate the effect of reproductive effort on female survival in the dung beetle, Onthophagus taurus. By experimentally manipulating mating status and dung availability, we demonstrate that virgin females survive longer than mated females and that the survival of mated females was negatively associated with the number of brood masses produced. Using a novel manipulation of the mating system, we separated the effects of egg production and maternal care on female survival. Previously, we have shown that females provisioning with the assistance of a major male provide relatively less care than unassisted females. However, paternal assistance did not alter the number of brood masses produced and hence the amount of reproductive effort that was allocated to egg production. Therefore, our finding, that female survival was increased when receiving paternal assistance provides, to our knowledge, the first definitive evidence that maternal care reduces female lifespan. These results are of major importance to theoretical models on the evolution of parental care.},
	keywords = {BREEDING BLUE TITS, BROOD-SIZE, CLUTCH-SIZE, drosophila-melanogaster, fluctuating asymmetry, LIFE-HISTORY EVOLUTION, life-history trade-off, Onthophagus taurus, PARENTAL, Parental care, reproductive cost, reproductive effort, SURVIVAL},
	author = {Hunt, J. and Simmons, L. W. and Kotiaho, J. S.}
}
@article {1676,
	title = {Elevation and climatic tolerance: a test using dung beetles},
	journal = {Oikos},
	volume = {86},
	number = {3},
	year = {1999},
	note = {Times Cited: 8Cited Reference Count: 47Cited References:      ALLEE WC, 1949, PRINCIPLES ANIMAL EC     BENNETT AF, 1997, EVOLUTION, V51, P36     BLOCK W, 1982, COMP BIOCHEM PHYS A, V73, P581     BLOCK W, 1990, PHILOS T ROY SOC B, V326, P613     BRATTSTROM BH, 1968, COMP BIOCHEM PHYSIOL, V24, P93     CHOWN SL, 1999, IN PRESS BIOL REV     CHOWN SL, 1992, S AFR J ANTARCT RES, V22, P51     DAVIS ALV, 1997, AFR J ECOL, V35, P10     DAVIS ALV, IN PRESS J BIOGEOGR     DENLINGER DL, 1991, INSECTS LOW TEMPERAT, P131     DOBZHANSKY T, 1950, AM SCI, V38, P209     EDNEY EB, 1971, J EXP BIOL, V55, P253     FERGUSON SH, 1996, ECOGRAPHY, V19, P382     FLEISHMAN E, 1998, ECOLOGY, V79, P2482     GASTON KJ, 1999, OIKOS, V84, P309     GASTON KJ, 1998, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V13, P70     HOCHACHKA PW, 1984, BIOCH ADAPTATION     HODKINSON ID, 1996, FUNCT ECOL, V10, P314     HOFFMANN AA, 1995, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V10, P1     HUEY RB, 1996, ANIMALS TEMPERATURE, P205     JAMES AC, 1997, GENETICS, V146, P881     JANZEN DH, 1967, AM NAT, V101, P233     JOHNSTON IA, 1996, ANIMALS TEMPERATURE     KLOK CJ, 1998, J INSECT PHYSIOL, V44, P615     KLOK CJ, 1997, J INSECT PHYSIOL, V43, P685     KLOK CJ, 1998, J THERM BIOL, V23, P131     LEE RE, 1991, INSECTS LOW TEMPERAT, P17     LUTTERSCHMIDT WI, 1997, CAN J ZOOL, V75, P1553     LUTTERSCHMIDT WI, 1997, CAN J ZOOL, V75, P1561     MELLANBY K, 1932, J EXP BIOL, V9, P222     MILLER K, 1982, COMP BIOCHEM PHYS A, V73, P595     MITCHELL JD, 1993, J INSECT PHYSIOL, V39, P523     MONGOLD JA, 1996, ANIMALS TEMPERATURE, P239     MULLER MJ, 1982, SELECTED CLIMATIC DA     PURVIS A, 1995, COMPUT APPL BIOSCI, V11, P247     RAPOPORT EH, 1982, AREOGRAPHY GEOGRAPHI     ROBERTS CS, 1991, PHYSIOL ENTOMOL, V16, P463     ROSENBERG NJ, 1983, MICROCLIMATE BIOL EN     RUGGIERO A, 1998, BIOL J LINN SOC, V63, P283     SNYDER GK, 1975, AM NAT, V109, P93     SOMME L, 1989, BIOL REV, V64, P367     SOMME L, 1982, COMP BIOCH PHYSL A, V73, P519     SOMME L, 1991, INSECTS LOW TEMPERAT, P318     STANLEY SM, 1980, AUST J ZOOL, V28, P413     STEVENS GC, 1992, AM NAT, V140, P893     STEVENS GC, 1989, AM NAT, V133, P240     STOREY KB, 1996, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V27, P365EnglishArticle230JNOIKOS},
	month = {Sep},
	pages = {584-590},
	abstract = {An increase in the altitudinal range of occurrence of species in an assemblage with increasing elevation has been explained as a consequence of individual organisms having to be able to withstand a broader range of climatic conditions at higher elevations; the climatic variability hypothesis. Here we show that for scarab dung beetles (26 species) across an elevational transect (approx. 2500 In) in southern Africa thermal tolerance range does increase with increasing elevation across individuals and across species. The maximal thermal tolerance range exhibited increases slowly with elevation and the minimum range increases more rapidly. The mechanistic basis of the change appears to be one of rapidly changing critical thermal minimum (CTmin) with elevation and only small changes in critical thermal maximum (CTmax). Of course, even if the pattern of tolerance of species assumed by the climatic variability hypothesis is correct, an increase in altitudinal range with increasing elevation need not necessarily follow. However, although sampling has been limited, there does appear to be an elevational increase in altitudinal range for this species assemblage.},
	keywords = {arthropods, cold-hardiness, critical thermal maximum, desert, drosophila-melanogaster, latitudinal gradient, lepidoptera, namib, rapoports rule, temperature tolerance, tenebrionid beetles, terrestrial},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000082248200019},
	author = {Gaston, K. J. and Chown, S. L.}
}
