@article {1814,
	title = {Dung pad residence time covaries with male morphology in the dung beetle Onthophagus taurus},
	journal = {Ecological Entomology},
	volume = {24},
	number = {2},
	year = {1999},
	note = {Using Smart Source ParsingArticleEnglish},
	pages = {174-180},
	abstract = {1. The immigration and emigration behaviours of Onthophagus taurus were investigated in a combination of field and laboratory experiments to examine patterns of dispersal in this species. 2. On average, the mean proportion of major males immigrating to baited pitfall traps decreased significantly with time. In contrast, the mean proportion of minor males and females did not change with time. 3. The time taken to emigrate from a dung pad differed significantly among major males, minor males, and females. This difference arose because major males spent a significantly shorter period of time residing within the dung pad. On average, more than 50\% of major males had emigrated from the dung pads after 30 h, some 4 h earlier than minor males and females. 4. When the effects of body size were controlled, major males with longer horns were shown to have longer wings. Because major males spend more time in flight, longer wings may be an adaptation to more frequent dispersal. Alternatively, longer wings in major males may compensate for the production of aerodynamically costly horns.},
	keywords = {Animalia-, Animals-, Arthropoda-, Arthropods-, Behavior-, Coleoptera-: Insecta-, dung-pad-residence-time, emigration-, immigration-, Insects-, Invertebrata-, Invertebrates-, male-, morphology-, Onthophagus-taurus [dung-beetle] (Coleoptera-): female-},
	author = {Hunt, John and Kotiaho, Janne S. and Tomkins, Joseph L.}
}
@article {1816,
	title = {Patterns of parental provisioning covary with male morphology in a horned beetle (Onthophagus taurus) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	volume = {42},
	number = {6},
	year = {1998},
	note = {June, 1998ArticleEnglish},
	pages = {447-451},
	abstract = {Male dung beetles, Onthophagus taurus, are dimorphic for a secondary sexual trait, head horns. Horned males participate in the production of brood masses while hornless male do not. Here we examine the reproductive performance of females mated with males exhibiting alternative horn morphologies. We found that exposure to males may be costly for females in that it reduced the total number of brood masses produced. However, females paired with horned males produced significantly larger brood masses than females paired with hornless males or females producing broods alone. We discuss the possible selection pressures that may underly horn evolution in this genus.},
	keywords = {Animalia-, Animals-, Arthropoda-, Arthropods-, Coleoptera-: Insecta-, Insects-, Invertebrata-, Invertebrates-, male-, male-dimorphism, morphology-, Onthophagus-taurus [horned-beetle] (Coleoptera-): female-, parental-care-patter, Reproduction-},
	author = {Hunt, John and Simmons, Leigh W.}
}
@article {1817,
	title = {Maternal and paternal effects on offspring phenotype in the dung beetle Onthophagus taurus},
	journal = {Evolution},
	volume = {54},
	number = {3},
	year = {2000},
	note = {Using Smart Source ParsingArticleEnglish},
	pages = {936-941},
	abstract = {Parents often have important influences on the development of traits in their offspring. One mechanism by which parents are able to influence offspring phenotype is through the level of care they provide. In onthophagine dung beetles, parents typically provision their offspring by packing dung fragments into a brood mass. Onthophagus taurus males can be separated into two discrete morphs: Large, "major" males have head horns, whereas "minor" males are hornless. Here we show that a switch in parental provisioning strategies adopted by males coincides with the switch in male morphology. Male provisioning results in the production of heavier brood masses than females will produce alone. However, unlike females in which the level of provisioning increases with body size in a continuous manner, the level of provisioning provided by males represents an "all-or-none" tactic with all major males providing a fixed level of provisioning irrespective of their body size. Offspring size is determined largely by the quantity of dung provided to the developing larvae so that paternal and maternal provisioning affects the body size and horn size of offspring produced. The levels of provisioning by individual parents are significantly repeatable, suggesting paternal and maternal effects as candidate indirect genetic effects in the evolution of horn size in the genus Onthophagus.},
	keywords = {Animalia-, Animals-, Arthropoda-, Arthropods-, Behavior-, body-size, brood-mass, Coleoptera-: Insecta-, Evolution-and-Adaptation, horn-: size-, Insects-, Invertebrata-, Invertebrates-, male-, male-p, Onthophagus-taurus [dung-beetle] (Coleoptera-): female-},
	author = {Hunt, J. and Simmons, L. W.}
}
@article {2182,
	title = {Male participation in nest building in the dung beetle Scarabaeus catenatus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae): Mating effort versus paternal effort},
	journal = {Journal of Insect Behavior.},
	volume = {11},
	number = {6},
	year = {1998},
	note = {Using Smart Source ParsingArticleEnglish},
	pages = {833-843},
	abstract = {The dung beetle, Scarabaeus catenatus, shows not only the rolling but also the tunneling tactic for nest building with bisexual cooperation. Sex roles, however, differed between the tactics. In rolling, the male took in initiative like that of ball-roller species: he rolled a dung ball away and buried it. In tunneling, in contrast, the male usually had a secondary role like that of tunnelers: he was less active in burrow excavation and provisioning. Regardless of the tactics, male participation did not increase female reproductive output measured by the number or size of brood balls in the field, but seemed to function as mate guarding against conspecific males. This suggests that, in both tactics, the male S. catenatus invests primarily in mating effort compared with paternal effort. The relative importance of mating effort in male participation seems to hold true in other dung beetles, irrespective of whether they are ball-roller or tunneler species. In addition, the male matingstrategy of S. catenatus is compared with that of other ball-rollers.},
	keywords = {Animalia-, Animals-, Arthropoda-, Arthropods-, Behavior-, Coleoptera-: Insecta-, dung-rolling, Insects-, Invertebrata-, Invertebrates-, male-, male-participation, mating-effort, nes, nest-building, Scarabaeus-catenatus [dung-beetle] (Coleoptera-): female-},
	author = {Sato, Hiroaki}
}
