@article {1316,
	title = {Primary seed dispersal by red howler monkeys and the effect of defecation patterns on the fate of dispersed seeds},
	journal = {Biotropica},
	volume = {34},
	number = {2},
	year = {2002},
	note = {569EEBIOTROPICA},
	month = {Jun},
	pages = {261-272},
	abstract = {The effectiveness of a seed disperser depends on the quantity and quality of dispersal. The quality of dispersal depends in large part on factors that affect the post-dispersal fate of seeds, and yet this aspect of dispersal quality is rarely assessed. In the particular case of seed dispersal through endozoochory the defecation pattern produced has the potential of affecting the fate of dispersed seeds and consequently, dispersal quality and effectiveness. In this study, I assessed the effects of dung presence and dung/seed densities on seed predation by rodents and seconclary dispersal by dung beetles. In particular, I compared seed fates in clumped defecation patterns, as those produced by howler monkeys, with seed faces in scattered defecation patterns, as those produced by other frugivores. I also determined the prevalence of red howler monkeys (Alouatta seniculus) as seed dispersers at the plant community level in Central Amazonia by determining the number of species they dispersed in a 25-month period. I found chat dung presence and a-mount affected rodent and dung beetle behavior. Seed predation rates were higher when dung was present, and when it was in higher densities. The same number of seeds was buried by dung beetles, in clumped versus scattered defecation patterns, but more seeds were buried when they were inside large dung-piles versus small piles. Seed density had no effect on rodent or dung beetle behavior. Results indicate that caution should be taken when categorizing an animal as a high or low quality seed disperser before carefully examining the factors that affect the fate of dispersed seeds. Red howler monkeys dispersed the seeds of 137 species during the study period, which is the highest yet reported number for an Alouatta species, and should thus be considered highly prevalent seed dispersers at the plant community level in Central Amazonian terra firme rain forests.},
	keywords = {Alouatta, alouatta-palliata, Central Amazonia, defecation pattern, dispersal, Dung beetles, dung beetles scarabaeidae, howler monkeys, los, postdispersal, primary seed dispersal, secondary seed, seed, seed fate, tropical moist forest, tropical rain-forest},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000176587000008},
	author = {Andresen, Ellen}
}
@article {1468,
	title = {Perching behaviour in Bornean dung beetles (Coleoptera : Scarabaeidae)},
	journal = {The Coleopterists Bulletin},
	volume = {53},
	number = {4},
	year = {1999},
	note = {271GRCOLEOPTS BULL},
	month = {Dec},
	pages = {365-370},
	abstract = {This paper reviews the current knowledge of perching behaviour in dung beetles, and records for the first time perching behaviour in three species of Onthophagus Latreille dung beetles in lowland rainforest in Borneo: O. mulleri (Lansberge), O. rorarius (Harold) and O. rugicollis (Harold). Field observations suggest tentatively that perching behaviour may have evolved as a thermoregulatory mechanism in at least two of these species. Ninety-nine dung beetle species were recorded from the Danum Valley Conservation Area, Sabah. and so, unlike other tropical forest sites where this behaviour is relatively common, only a few species display perching behaviour, suggesting differences in forest structure and/or resource supply between this and other forests.},
	keywords = {sabah, tropical rain-forest},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000084586300011},
	author = {Davis, A. J.}
}
@article {1750,
	title = {Patterns of animal diversity in different forms of tree cover in agricultural landscapes},
	journal = {Ecological Applications},
	volume = {16},
	number = {5},
	year = {2006},
	note = {Times Cited: 0 disease ecology, parasite transmission, scarbaeinae, ecological function},
	month = {Oct},
	pages = {1986-1999},
	abstract = {As tropical regions are converted to agriculture, conservation of biodiversity will depend not only on the maintenance of protected forest areas, but also on the scope for conservation within the agricultural matrix in which they are embedded. Tree cover typically retained in agricultural landscapes in the neotropics may provide resources and habitats for animals, but little is known about the extent to which it contributes to conservation of animal species. Here, we explore the animal diversity associated with different forms of tree cover for birds, bats, butterflies, and dung beetles in a pastoral landscape in Nicaragua. We measured species richness and abundance of these four animal taxa in riparian and secondary forest, forest fallows, live fences, and pastures with high and low tree cover. We recorded over 20000 individuals of 189 species including 14 endangered bird species. Mean abundance and species richness of birds and bats, but not dung beetles or butterflies, were significantly different among forms of tree cover. Species richness of bats and birds was positively correlated with tree species richness. While the greatest numbers of bird species were associated with riparian and secondary forest, forest fallows, and pastures with > 15\% tree cover, the greatest numbers of bat species were found in live fences and riparian forest: Species assemblages of all animal taxa were different among tree cover types, so that maintaining a diversity of forms of tree cover led to conservation of more animal species in the landscape as a whole. Overall, the findings indicate that retaining tree cover within agricultural landscapes can help conserve animal diversity, but that conservation efforts need to target forms of tree cover that conserve the taxa that are of interest locally. Preventing the degradation of remaining forest fragments is a priority, but encouraging farmers to maintain tree cover in pastures and along boundaries may also make an important contribution to animal conservation.},
	keywords = {agricultural matrix, and dung beetle diversity, bat, BAT SPECIES RICHNESS, biodiversity assessment, bird, butterfly, farming systems, fences, forest fragments, live, N, Nicaragua, riparian forests, species richness, trees in pastures, tropical rain-forest},
	isbn = {1051-0761},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000241362400032 },
	author = {Harvey, C. A. and Medina, A. and Sanchez, D. M. and Vilchez, S. and Hernandez, B. and Saenz, J. C. and Maes, J. M. and Casanoves, F. and Sinclair, F. L.}
}
@article {1762,
	title = {Effects of forest fragmentation on the activity of dung beetles},
	journal = {Revue D Ecologie-La Terre Et La Vie},
	year = {2002},
	note = {Times Cited: 0Cited Reference Count: 51Cited References:      *SPSS INC, 1998, SYSTAT 8 0 STAT     ANDRESEN E, 1999, BIOTROPICA, V31, P145     ANDRESEN E, 2000, THESIS U FLORIDA     ANDRSEN E, 1994, THESIS DUKE U     BORNEMISSZA GF, 1970, PEDOBIOLOGIA, V10, P1     BROWN KS, 1997, TROPICAL FOREST REMN, P91     CLAESSENS O, 2002, REV ECOL TERRE VIE S, V8, P21     DALECKY A, 2002, REV ECOL TERRE VIE S, V8, P145     DIDHAM RK, 1998, ECOL MONOGR, V68, P295     DIDHAM RK, 1996, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V11, P255     ESTRADA A, 1999, AM J PRIMATOL, V48, P253     ESTRADA A, 1986, FRUGIVORES SEED DISP     ESTRADA A, 1991, J TROP ECOL, V7, P459     ESTRADA A, 1998, J TROP ECOL 5, V14, P577     FEER F, 1999, J TROP ECOL, V15, P1     FEER F, 2001, REV ECOL-TERRE VIE, V56, P119     FINCHER GT, 1973, J PARASITOL, V59, P396     FORGET PM, 1991, TROP ECOL, V32, P155     GILL BD, 1991, DUNG BEETLE ECOLOGY, P211     GRANJON L, 1996, ACTA OECOL, V17, P673     GUILLOTIN M, 1994, J ZOOL, V233, P551     HALFFTER G, 1966, FOLIA ENTOMOL MEXICO, V12, P1     HALFFTER G, 1992, FOLIA ENTOMOLOGICA M, V84, P131     HALFFTER G, 1982, NESTING BEHAV DUNG B     HALLWACHS W, 1994, CLUMSY DANCE AGOUTI     HANSKI I, 1989, ECOSYSTEMS WORLD, P489     HINGRAT Y, 1999, EFFETS FRAGMENTATION     HOWDEN HF, 1981, CONTRIBUTIONS AM ENT, V18, P1     HOWE HF, 1980, ECOLOGY, V61, P944     HOWE HF, 1989, OECOLOGIA, V79, P417     JANZEN DH, 1982, ECOLOGY, V63, P1887     JANZEN DH, 1986, FRUGIVORES SEED DISP, P251     JULLIOT C, 1996, INT J PRIMATOL, V17, P239     KLEIN BC, 1989, ECOLOGY, V70, P1715     LAURANCE WF, 1997, TROPICAL FOREST REMN     LOVEJOY TE, 1986, CONSERVATION BIOL SC, P257     MALCOLM JR, 1997, TROPICAL FOREST REMN, P207     PECK SB, 1984, BIOTROPICA, V16, P235     PECK SB, 1982, CAN J ZOOL, V60, P1624     POWELL AH, 1987, BIOTROPICA, V19, P176     RATIARISON S, 1999, FRAGMENTATION FOREST     RINGUET S, 1998, THESIS MUSEUM NAT HI     SABATIER D, 1983, THESIS U SCI TECHNIQ     SHEPHERD VE, 1998, J TROP ECOL 2, V14, P199     SILVIUS KM, 1999, THESIS U FLORIDA     SIMMEN B, 1996, INT J PRIMATOL, V17, P661     SOKAL RR, 1981, BIOMETRY     SOUZA OFF, 1994, J TROP ECOL, V10, P197     SPIRONELLO WR, 1999, THESIS U CAMBRIDGE U     VANROOSMALEN MGM, 1985, ACTA AMAZONICA, V19, P1     VULINEC K, 2000, FLA ENTOMOL, V83, P229FrenchArticle8616CUREV ECOL-TERRE VIE},
	pages = {165-179},
	abstract = {The effect of seed burial by dung beetles on seed survival and seedling establishment in Tetragastris altissima (Burseraceae) was measured on 3 sites of continuous forest and 7 islands in the man-inundated rain forest of Saint-Eugene, French Guiana. Experiments using a total of 250 seeds were performed using wire enclosures open to dung beetles but excluding terrestrial seed predators. Fragmentation had no effect on the rate of dung disappearance at 12, 24 and 48 h because there was a high variability between sites. On average, 24 \% of seeds were buried by dung beetles after 72 h, Overall, there was no effect of fragmentation due to variation between sites. Dung burial rates were positively correlated with rarefaction of the dung beetle samples collected on the different sites. They were also positively correlated with weighted abundances of large diurnal tunnellers after 12 h and to total tunnellers after 24 h. Seed burial was positively correlated to weighted abundance of large nocturnal tunnellers and of total tunnellers. The species diversity and abundance were positively related to area that did not involve a correlation between seed burial rates and area. After 72 h, survival rate of protected seeds at ground surface was significantly larger (78 \%) than for non protected seeds (22 \%), which were attacked by rodents. There was no difference between continuous forest and islands. Eight percent of buried seeds emerged, i.e. 2 \% of all seeds deposited. Burial depth significantly affected the rate of emergence of buried seeds. Ninety percent of seeds at surface germinated versus 0 \% at 10 and 15 cm. The effects of seed burial by dung beetles on early recruitment of T altissima was low and highly variable between sites in relation with the structure of the community of Scarabaeidae and intensity of seed predation.},
	keywords = {Amazonia, COLEOPTERA, communities, dispersal, french-guiana, los-tuxtlas, Mexico, monkeys alouatta-palliata, Scarabaeidae, seed, tropical rain-forest},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000179284800011},
	author = {Hingrat, Y. and Feer, F.}
}
@article {1846,
	title = {Diversity of dung-beetle community in declining Japanese subalpine forest caused by an increasing sika deer population},
	journal = {Ecological Research},
	volume = {20},
	number = {2},
	year = {2005},
	note = {digital and hard copy},
	month = {Mar},
	pages = {135-141},
	abstract = {The Ohdaigahara subalpine plateau in Japan has recently suffered a reduction in primary forest land caused by an increasing population of sika deer (Cervus nippon). Deer have debarked many trees, causing die-back, gradually changing the primary forest first to light forest with a floor that is densely covered with sasa grass (Sasa nipponica) and then to S. nipponica grassland. To examine the effects of vegetative transformation on the dung-beetle community, we compared the diversity and abundance of dung-beetle assemblages in the primary forest, transition forest, and S. nipponica grassland using dung-baited pitfall traps. The species richness and species diversity (Shannon-Wiener index) were significantly highest in the primary forest and lowest in the S. nipponica grassland. The evenness (Smith-Wilson index) was highest in the primary forest and nearly equal in the transition forest and S. nipponica grassland. The abundance was apparently greater in the transition forest than in the primary forest and S. nipponica grassland. These results suggest that loss of primary forest resulting from an increasing deer population decreases the diversity of the dung-beetle community while increasing the abundance of dung beetles in the transition forest. Sika deer use transition forests and grasslands more frequently than primary forests as habitat, but an increase in dung supply there does not necessarily increase the diversity or abundance of dung-beetle assemblages.},
	keywords = {alouatta-palliata, COLEOPTERA, dung beetle, evenness, fragmentation, los-tuxtlas, Mexico, ohdaigahara mammals, primary forest, sasa nipponica, Sasa nipponica grassland, Scarabaeidae, south-africa, transition forest, tropical rain-forest},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000228011500004 },
	author = {Kanda, N. and Yokota, T. and Shibata, E. and Sato, H.}
}
@article {1610,
	title = {The role of clumped defecation in the spatial distribution of soil nutrients and the availability of nutrients for plant uptake},
	journal = {Journal of Tropical Ecology},
	volume = {21},
	year = {2005},
	note = {Times Cited: 1Cited Reference Count: 21Cited References:      ABRAMS MM, 1992, SOIL SCI SOC AM J, V56, P1532     ALVAREZ E, 1986, INTERCIENCIA, V11, P325     ANDRESEN E, 2001, J TROP ECOL 1, V17, P61     ANDRESEN E, 2002, BIOTROPICA, V34, P261     BINKLEY D, 1983, SOIL SCI SOC AM J, V47, P1050     BRIDGHAM SD, 2001, SOIL SCI SOC AM J, V65, P259     COOPERBAND LR, 1994, SOIL SCI SOC AM J, V58, P105     ESTRADA A, 1984, AM J PRIMATOL, V6, P77     ESTRADA A, 1991, J TROP ECOL, V7, P459     FORDE B, 2001, PLANT SOIL, V232, P51     GILBERT KA, 1997, ANIM BEHAV 2, V54, P451     GOWER ST, 1987, BIOTROPICA, V19, P171     HUBER O, 1986, INTERCIENCIA, V11, P301     JULLIOT C, 1996, INT J PRIMATOL, V17, P239     MILTON K, 1980, PHYSIOL ZOOL, V53, P402     NAGY KA, 1979, OECOLOGIA, V39, P249     OSTERTAG R, 2001, ECOLOGY, V82, P485     SUBLER S, 1995, SOIL BIOL BIOCHEM, V27, P911     TAN KH, 1996, SOIL SAMPLING PREPAR     TERBORGH J, 1997, ECOLOGY, V78, P1494     VITOUSEK PM, 1986, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V17, P137EnglishArticleJ TROP ECOLPart 1898NL},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {99-102},
	keywords = {Alouatta seniculus, anion-exchange, clumped defecation, Dung beetles, howler monkeys, Lake Guri, latrine, los-tuxtlas, membranes, monkeys alouatta-palliata, nutrient cycling, phosphorus, seed dispersal, tropical rain-forest, Venezuela, wild howler monkeys},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000227083400011},
	author = {Feeley, K.}
}
@article {1613,
	title = {Spatio-temporal, variations in post-dispersal seed fate},
	journal = {Biotropica},
	volume = {34},
	number = {4},
	year = {2002},
	note = {Times Cited: 0Cited Reference Count: 78Cited References:      ALMEIDA SS, 1995, BOL MUS PARA EMILIO, V11, P265     ANDRESEN E, 1999, BIOTROPICA, V31, P145     ANDRESEN E, 1994, THESIS DUKE U DURHAM     ANDRESEN E, 2000, THESIS U FLORIDA GAI     ASQUITH NM, 1997, ECOLOGY, V78, P941     BONGERS F, 2001, NOURAGUES DYNAMICS P     BOUCHER DH, 1981, OECOLOGIA, V49, P409     BREWER SW, 1999, J VEG SCI, V10, P165     BURKEY TV, 1993, BIOL CONSERV, V66, P139     BURKEY TV, 1994, OECOLOGIA, V97, P533     CHAPMAN CA, 1989, BIOTROPICA, V21, P148     CHAPMAN CA, 1996, J TROP ECOL 4, V12, P491     CHAUVET S, 1997, THESIS U PIERRE MARI     CONNELL JH, 2000, ECOLOGY, V81, P568     DESTEVEN D, 1984, OIKOS, V43, P207     DIRZO R, 1986, FRUGIVORES SEED DISP, P237     ESTRADA A, 1991, J TROP ECOL, V7, P459     FEER F, 1999, ANN SOC ENTOMOL FR, V36, P29     FEER F, 1999, J TROP ECOL, V15, P1     FEER F, 2001, NOURAGUES DYNAMICS P, P227     FEER F, 2001, REV ECOL-TERRE VIE, V56, P119     FORGET PM, 2000, BIOTROPICA, V32, P452     FORGET PM, 1994, BIOTROPICA, V26, P420     FORGET PM, 1992, BIOTROPICA, V24, P408     FORGET PM, 1990, J TROP ECOL, V6, P459     FORGET PM, 1999, J TROP ECOL 3, V15, P301     FORGET PM, 2001, J TROP ECOL 4, V17, P593     FORGET PM, 2001, NOURAGUES DYNAMICS P, P265     FORGET PM, 1993, OECOLOGIA, V94, P255     FORGET PM, 1991, OECOLOGIA, V87, P596     FORGET PM, 1998, S BRIT ECOLOGICAL SO, V37, P25     FORGET PM, 1991, TROP ECOL, V32, P155     GLANZ WE, 1990, 4 NEOTROPICAL RAINFO, P287     GRIMALDI M, 2001, NOURAGUES DYNAMICS P, P9     GUILLOTIN M, 1994, J ZOOL, V233, P551     GUILLOTIN M, 1982, REV ECOL-TERRE VIE, V36, P337     HAMMOND DS, 1998, DYNAMICS TROPICAL CO, P51     HENRY O, 2000, BIOTROPICA, V32, P364     HOCH GA, 1997, J TROP ECOL 1, V13, P51     HOWE HF, 1982, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V13, P201     HOWE HF, 1980, ECOLOGY, V61, P944     HOWE HF, 1989, OECOLOGIA, V79, P417     HOWE HF, 1986, SEED DISPERSAL, P123     JANSEN PA, 2001, NOURAGUES DYNAMICS P, P275     JANZEN DH, 1970, AM NAT, V104, P501     JANZEN DH, 1974, BIOTROPICA, V6, P69     JANZEN DH, 1982, ECOLOGY, V63, P1887     JANZEN DH, 1986, FRUGIVORES SEED DISP, P251     JULLIOT C, 1996, AM J PRIMATOL, V40, P261     JULLIOT C, 1998, FOLIA PRIMATOL, V69, P43     JULLIOT C, 1996, INT J PRIMATOL, V17, P239     JULLIOT C, 1997, J ECOL, V85, P431     JULLIOT C, 1992, THESIS U TOURS TOURS     KILTIE RA, 1981, BIOTROPICA, V13, P141     LAMBERT JE, 2002, SEED DISPERSAL PROCE, P365     MALCOLM JR, 1988, ACTA AMAZONICA, V18, P67     OCONNELL MA, 1989, J MAMMAL, V70, P532     OSUNKOYA OO, 1994, AUST J ECOL, V19, P52     PERES CA, 1997, J TROP ECOL 4, V13, P595     PONCY O, 1998, FOREST BIODIVERSITY, P389     PONCY O, 2001, NOURAGUES DYNAMICS P, P31     RANKIN JM, 1978, THESIS U MICHIGAN AN     RINGUET S, 1998, THESIS MUSEUM NATL H     SABATIER D, 1990, BOIS FOR TROP, V219, P31     SABATIER D, 1985, REV ECOLOGIE TERRE V, V40, P298     SCHUPP EW, 1992, AM NAT, V140, P526     SCHUPP EW, 1995, ECOSCIENCE, V2, P267     SCHUPP EW, 1988, OECOLOGIA, V76, P525     SHEPHERD VE, 1998, J TROP ECOL 2, V14, P199     SIMMEN B, 1998, CR ACAD SCI III-VIE, V321, P699     SIMMEN B, 1996, INT J PRIMATOL, V17, P661     SOKAL RR, 1981, BIOMETRY     SORK VL, 1987, ECOLOGY, V68, P1341     SPIRONELLO WR, 1996, CHRYSOPHYLLUM AMAZON     SPIRONELLO WR, 1999, THESIS U CAMBRIDGE C     TERBORGH J, 1993, VEGETATIO, V107, P375     VOSS RS, 1996, B AM MUS NAT HIST, V230, P1     ZHANG SY, 1995, BIOTROPICA, V27, P397EnglishArticle637XVBIOTROPICA},
	month = {Dec},
	pages = {555-566},
	abstract = {The post-dispersal fate of Chrysophyllum lucentifolium (a canopy tree; Sapotaceae) seeds was analyzed in French Guiana over three consecutive years. Experiments using 750 thread- marked seeds were performed to investigate seed removal, predation, and caching by terrestrial vertebrates on howler monkey (Alouatta seniculus) defecation sites, where clumps of intact C lucentifolium seeds were observed. Year-to-year variations in seed fare during the peak fruiting period were considered in relation to overall fruit and seed resource availability estimated by a raked-trail survey. The effect of two forest areas, which differed in soil and floristic composition, was examined with conspecific fruiting tree density as a covariant. Exclosure versus open treatment was used to discriminate small rodents (not larger than a spiny rat) from other vertebrates. The presence of fresh howler dung did not affect seed fate after 20 days as shown by comparisons between defecation sites and control during the first year. There was a significant effect of year on the percentage of seeds remaining after 20 days. Low seed removal in 1995 and 1996 (compared to 1997) corresponded to higher overall fruiting and higher fruiting of C lucentifolium, or the presence of alternative resources for rodents. All effect of forest area was observed on the seed removal rate, which varied with years and protection. Comparatively, an effect of forest area on the percentage of seeds lost was observed in 1996 and an effect of treatment on the percentage of seeds eaten was seen in 1995. The mode of seed caching Suggested that spiny rats were the main seed remover. Results of this study suggest that greater seedling recruitment may Occur when large fruit crop and high howler dispersal co-occur with a lower impact of rodents (i.e., when rodents are saturated by abundant and diversified fruit resources such as in 1995). Such event synchrony, however, is highly unpredictable after only three years of study.},
	keywords = {americana caesalpiniaceae, Chysophyllum lucentifolium, density, French Guiana, french-gui, howler monkey, janzen-connell model, monkeys alouatta-seniculus, rodents, seed dispersal, seed predation, tree, tropical rain-forest, variation, vouacapoua-, yearly},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000180539800008},
	author = {Feer, F. and Forget, P. M.}
}
@article {1615,
	title = {Recruitment, a multi-stage process with unpredictable result: the case of a Sapotaceasae in French Guianan forest},
	journal = {Revue D Ecologie-La Terre Et La Vie},
	volume = {56},
	number = {2},
	year = {2001},
	note = {Times Cited: 2Cited Reference Count: 78Cited References:      ANDRESEN E, 1999, BIOTROPICA, V31, P145     ANDRESEN E, 1994, THESIS DUKE U     ANDRESEN E, 2000, THESIS U FLORIDA     BONGERS F, 2001, NOURAGUES DYNAMICS P     CHAUVET S, 1997, FACTEURS ECOLOGIQUES     CLARK DA, 1984, AM NAT, V124, P769     CONNELL JH, 1971, DYNAMICS POPULATIONS     CONNELL JH, 2000, ECOLOGY, V81, P568     DETHOISY B, 1998, JATBA REV ETHNOBIOLO, V40, P103     ESTRADA A, 1986, FRUGIVORES SEED DISP     ESTRADA A, 1991, J TROP ECOL, V7, P459     FEER F, 2000, ANN SOC ENTOMOL FR, V36, P29     FEER F, 1999, J TROP ECOL, V15, P1     FEER F, 2001, NOURAGUES DYNAMICS P     FORGET PM, 2000, BIOTROPICA     FORGET PM, 1998, DYNAMICS TROPICAL CO, P25     FORGET PM, 1997, J ECOL, V85, P693     FORGET PM, 1990, J TROP ECOL, V6, P459     FORGET PM, 1999, J TROP ECOL 3, V15, P301     FORGET PM, 1996, J TROP ECOL 6, V12, P751     FORGET PM, 1998, JATBA REV ETHNOBIOLO, V40, P79     FORGET PM, 2001, NOURAGUES DYNAMICS P     FORGET PM, 1993, OECOLOGIA, V94, P255     FORGET PM, 1991, OECOLOGIA, V87, P596     FORGET PM, 1991, TROP ECOL, V32, P155     FRAGOSO JMV, 1997, J ECOL, V85, P519     GRIMALDI M, 2001, NOURAGUES DYNAMICS P     GUILLOTIN M, 1994, J ZOOL, V233, P551     GUILLOTIN M, 1982, MAMMALIA, V46, P299     HAMMOND DS, 1998, DYNAMICS TROPICAL CO, P51     HAMMOND DS, 1995, ECOLOGY, V76, P2544     HOWE HF, 1982, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V13, P201     HOWE HF, 1980, ECOLOGY, V61, P944     HOWE HF, 1982, ECOLOGY TROPICAL FOR, P189     HOWE HF, 1989, OECOLOGIA, V79, P417     HOWE HF, 1986, SEED DISPERSAL, P123     JANZEN DH, 1970, AM NAT, V104, P501     JANZEN DH, 1971, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V2, P465     JANZEN DH, 1982, ECOLOGY, V63, P1887     JANZEN DH, 1969, EVOLUTION, V23, P1     JANZEN DH, 1982, SCIENCE, V215, P19     JANZEN DH, 1978, TROPICAL TREES LIVIN, P83     JORDANO P, 1987, ECOLOGY, V68, P1711     JULIENLAFERRIER.D, 2000, NOURAGUES DYNAMICS P     JULLIOT C, 1996, AM J PRIMATOL, V40, P261     JULLIOT C, 1996, INT J PRIMATOL, V17, P239     JULLIOT C, 1997, J ECOL, V85, P431     JULLIOT C, 2001, NOURAGUES DYNAMICS P     JULLIOT C, 1994, REV ECOL-TERRE VIE, V49, P331     JULLIOT C, 1992, THESIS U TOURS     LAURANCE WF, 1997, TROPICAL FOREST REMN     NOTMAN E, 1996, OECOLOGIA, V106, P221     OSUNKOYA OO, 1994, AUST J ECOL, V19, P52     PECK SB, 1984, BIOTROPICA, V16, P235     PERES CA, 1997, J TROP ECOL 4, V13, P595     PONCY O, 1998, FOREST BIODIVERSITY, P389     PONCY O, 2001, NOURAGUES DYNAMICS P     PRICE MV, 1986, SEED DISPERSAL, P191     RATIARISON S, 1999, FRAGMENTATION FOREST     RINGUET S, 1998, THESIS MUSEUM NATL H     ROBINSON JG, 1991, NEOTROPICAL WILDLIFE     SCHUPP EW, 1995, ECOSCIENCE, V2, P267     SCHUPP EW, 1988, OECOLOGIA, V76, P525     SCHUPP EW, 1988, OIKOS, V51, P71     SCHUPP EW, 1993, VEGETATIO, V107, P15     SILVIUS KM, 1999, THESIS U FLORIDA     SIMMEN B, 1998, CR ACAD SCI III-VIE, V321, P699     SIMMEN B, 1996, INT J PRIMATOL, V17, P661     SIMMEN B, 2001, NOURAGUES DYNAMICS P     SPIRONELLO WR, 1996, C EC BRAS BRAZ, P     SPIRONELLO WR, 1999, THESIS U CAMBRIDGE     VANDERMEER JH, 1979, TROPICAL ECOLOGY, V20, P17     VANROOSMALEN MGM, 1985, ACTA AMAZONICA, V19, P1     VOSS RS, 1996, B AM MUS NAT HIST, V230, P1     WENNY DG, 1999, J TROP ECOL 4, V15, P481     WILLSON MF, 1988, AUST J ECOL, V13, P137     ZHANG SY, 1995, BIOTROPICA, V27, P397     ZHANG SY, 1994, THESIS U PARIS 6FrenchArticle445GYREV ECOL-TERRE VIE},
	pages = {119-145},
	abstract = {The net result of the multi-stage recruitment from seed production to seedling establishment was assessed along 3 consecutive years in Chrysophyllum lucentifolium (Sapotaceae) in a mature rain forest of French Guiana. According to year, between 37 and 42 \% of seed production was primarily dispersed away from fruiting trees without damage, especially by primates. Seeds dispersed in howler monkeys{\textquoteright} (Alouatta seniculus) defecation were serendipitously buried by dung beetles (14\%), eaten by terrestrial vertebrates such as rodents, or destroyed by insects or pathogens. The proportion of seeds secondarily dispersed by scatterhoarding rodents Varied from 3 to 17 \% according to year. The survival rate of unremoved and uneaten seeds after 20 days, varied from 2 to 56 \% according to year and pattern of spatial distribution generated by primary dispersal (clump or scattered). The empirical model based on the seed and seedling fate diagram showed that, according to years, from 6 to 15 \% of produced seeds lead to seedling establishment away from parent tree. Variations in patterns of seed removal and predation by rodents were the most crucial factors governing the effectiveness of primary and secondary dispersers and the spatial distribution of seedlings. Between-year variations of recruitment were important and stochastic because the fluctuations of seed production and seed dispersal/predation varied independently. The proposed empirical model has thus no predictive value. However it can be useful for instance to test the effects of seed size and of some faunal perturbations.},
	keywords = {fruit, monkeys, monkeys alouatta-seniculus, population, red howler, rodents, seed-dispersal, spatial patterns, tree, tropical rain-forest, vouacapoua-americana caesalpiniaceae},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000169450800002},
	author = {Feer, F. and Julliot, C. and Simmen, B. and Forget, P. M. and Bayart, F. and Chauvet, S.}
}
@article {2112,
	title = {Primary dispersal of seeds by primates and secondary dispersal by dung beetles in Tikal, Guatemala},
	journal = {Biotropica},
	volume = {38},
	number = {3},
	year = {2006},
	month = {May},
	pages = {390-397},
	abstract = {We linked primary dispersal by spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi) and howler monkeys (Alouatta pigra) to post-dispersal seed fate by studying the effects of dung type and defecation pattern on secondary seed dispersal by dung beetles. First, we described the defecation patterns for both primate species. Howler monkeys generally defecated in groups (88\% of observed defecations), with each individual producing on average 31 g of dung, resulting in a large area of the forest floor (31 m(2)) covered by large amounts of dung (clumped spatial pattern). Spider monkeys generally (96\% of observed defecations) defecated individually, each individual producing an average of 11 g of dung, resulting in a small area of the forest floor (2 m(2)) covered by small amounts of dung (scattered spatial pattern). Secondly, we captured dung beetles using as bait the dung of both primate species, to detect differences in the assemblages of these secondary seed dispersers attracted to the dung of both primates. More individual dung beetles, but not more species, were attracted to howler monkey dung than to spider monkey dung. Finally, we assessed experimentally (using plastic beads as seed mimics) how dung type (Ateles vs. Alouatta) and defecation pattern (scattered vs. clumped) affect secondary seed dispersal by dung beetles. We found that post-dispersal seed fate was affected by dung type, with more seeds being buried when present in howler monkey dung, than in spider monkey dung, but was not affected by defecation pattern. It is important to consider post-dispersal processes, such as secondary seed dispersal by dung beetles, when comparing species of primary dispersers.},
	keywords = {alouatta-palliata, Ateles, CEBUS-CAPUCINUS, DEFECATION, GERMINATION literature review function service seed dispersal mammal value, howler monkeys, los-tuxtlas, Mexico, patterns, Scarabaeidae, tropical rain-forest},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000236766500014 },
	author = {Ponce-Santizo, G. and Andresen, E. and Cano, E. and Cuaron, A. D.}
}
@article {2229,
	title = {Effects of seed dispersal by three ateline monkey species on seed germination at Tinigua National Park, Colombia},
	journal = {International Journal of Primatology},
	volume = {23},
	number = {6},
	year = {2002},
	month = {Dec},
	pages = {1187-1204},
	abstract = {We examined the effect of seed ingestion by three ateline primates: woolly monkeys, Lagothrix lagothricha; spider monkeys, Ateles belzebuth; and, red howler, Alouatta seniculus on germination rates and latency periods of seeds of several plant species in Tinigua National Park, Colombia. We collected dispersed seeds from feces and control seeds from the parental trees and washed them for germination trials. For the majority of plants, dispersed seeds germinated as well or better than control seeds did. Although spider monkeys depend more heavily on fruits than the other monkey species do, they were not more efficient than howlers or woolly monkeys at improving germination rates. A considerable proportion of the seeds dispersed by howlers and woolly monkeys showed reduced latency periods to germination, but spider monkeys showed less effect on reducing germination time. This result may be related to longer gut retention times, but such a trend has not been observed in other primate species. We conclude that, like many other primates, ateline monkeys are effective seed dispersers in terms of their effects on the seeds they swallow because they rarely decrease their germination rates. We discuss problems that make interspecific comparisons difficult, such as inappropriate control seeds and differences associated with germination substrates, and we stress the importance of studying other components of seed dispersal effectiveness.},
	keywords = {Alouatta, alouatta-palliata, Ateles belzebuth, Dung beetles, ecology, feeding, french-guiana, fruit, germination rate, Lagothrix lagothricha, LAGOTHRIX-LAGOTRICHA, latency period, los-tuxtlas, primates, seed dispersal, seniculus, TRE, tropical rain-forest},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000179360100003 },
	author = {Stevenson, P. R. and Castellanos, M. C. and Pizarro, J. C. and Garavito, M.}
}
