@inbook {1475,
	title = {The ecology and behaviour of arboreal dung beetles in Borneo},
	booktitle = {Canopy Arthropods},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {417-432},
	publisher = {Chapman \& Hall},
	organization = {Chapman \& Hall},
	chapter = {19},
	address = {London},
	abstract = {Dung beetles foraging in the rainforest canopy have been recorded on every sub- continent. Work at the Danum Valley Field Centre in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo, revealed a guild of arboreal dung beetles found only metres above the forest floor up to the high forest canopy, and that feed on primate dung caught on canopy vegetation. The flight activity, spatial distribution and feeding ecology of this previously unrecorded guild of arboreal beetles is examined, and related to the ecology, behaviour and gut morphology of the primate species resident in the same forest. The dung-relocation behaviour of the Bornean dung beetles is atypical for the genus in which they are found, and breaks with the existing dichotomy ofdung beetle tribes into dung rollers and non-dung rollers. The implications of this discovery are discussed. This work gives a very real indication of how new light can be shed on the ecology of hopical insect communities by studying the strato-orientation of insects in response to conditions in the rainforest canopy, and the importance of canopy work in forming comprehensive descriptions of rainforest arthropod communities.},
	isbn = {0 412 74900 9},
	author = {Davis, A. J. and Huijbregts, J. and Kirk-Spriggs, A. H. and Krikken, J. and Sutton, S. L.},
	editor = {Stork, N. E. and Adis, J. and Didham, R. K.}
}
@article {1524,
	title = {Altered leaf-litter decomposition rates in tropical forest fragments},
	journal = {Oecologia},
	volume = {116},
	number = {3},
	year = {1998},
	note = {121VDOECOLOGIA},
	month = {Sep},
	pages = {397-406},
	abstract = {The effects of forest fragmentation on leaf-litter decomposition rates were investigated for the first time in an experimentally fragmented tropical forest landscape in Central Amazonia. Leaf-litter decomposition rates were measured at seven distances (0-420 m) along forest edge-to-interior transects in two 100-ha fragments, two continuous forest edges, and at an identical series of distances along two deep continuous forest transects, as well as at the centers of two 1-ha and two 10-ha fragments. Decomposition rates increased significantly towards the edge of 100-ha forest fragments. Litter turnover times were 3-4 times faster within 50 m of the edge of 100-ha fragments than normally found in deep continuous forest. In contrast, there was no significant change in the rate of leaf-litter decomposition from the interior to the edge of continuous forest. It is difficult to account for these very different edge responses. Decomposition rates were not correlated with air temperature differentials, evaporative drying rates, litter depth, biomass or moisture content, or with total invertebrate densities, either within individual edge transects or across all sites. The difference in edge response may be due to chance, particularly the patchy removal of vast quantities of litter by litter-feeding termites, or may be a real, area-dependent phenomenon. Clearly, however, forest fragmentation increases the variability and unpredictability of litter decomposition rates near forest edges. In addition to edge effects, decomposition. rates were strongly affected by decreasing fragment area. While sites at the centers of 10-ha and 100-ha forest fragments and continuous forest had equivalent decomposition rates, rates were markedly lower at the centers of 1-ha fragments. Litter turnover times were 2-3 times slower in I-ha fragments than in continuous forest, and up to 13 times slower than at 100-ha edges. Litter structure and nutrient cycling dynamics are inevitably altered by forest fragmentation.},
	keywords = {forest change biodiversity dung beetles forest function},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000076034600013},
	author = {Didham, R. K.}
}
@article {1525,
	title = {Insects in fragmented forests: A functional approach},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology \& Evolution},
	volume = {11},
	number = {6},
	year = {1996},
	note = {UL788TREND ECOL EVOLUT},
	month = {Jun},
	pages = {255-260},
	abstract = {Insects are highly susceptible to the adverse effects of forest fragmentation. It is now beyond any doubt that fragmentation- induced changes in abundance and species richness occur in many insect groups. However, the study of insects in fragmented forests is still in its infancy and lacks real direction. Simple empirical studies are not answering the questions we most want to answer about fragmented systems. Are we in the midst of a mass-extinction crisis? What is the functional significance of the immense insect biodiversity? Does biodiversity loss affect ecosystem functioning? A more focused, functional approach to the study of forest fragmentation is required to move beyond the description of pattern and to determine how changes in insect communities affect ecosystem processes in fragmented forests.},
	keywords = {forest change biodiversity dung beetles forest function},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1996UL78800015},
	author = {Didham, R. K. and Ghazoul, J. and Stork, N. E. and Davis, A. J.}
}
@article {1526,
	title = {Beetle species responses to tropical forest fragmentation},
	journal = {Ecological Monographs},
	volume = {68},
	number = {3},
	year = {1998},
	note = {107FGECOL MONOGR},
	month = {Aug},
	pages = {295-323},
	abstract = {The effects of forest fragmentation on beetle species composition were investigated in an experimentally fragmented tropical forest landscape in Central Amazonia. Leaf-litter beetles were sampled at seven distances from the forest edge (0-420 m) along forest edge-to-interior transects in two 100-ha forest fragments and two continuous forest edges, and at an identical series of distances along two deep continuous forest transects. Additional samples were taken at the centers of two 10-ha forest fragments and two 1-ha fragments. This sampling regime allowed discrimination between edge and fragment area effects. Beetle species composition changed significantly and independently with both decreasing distance from forest edge and decreasing fragment area. Edge effects on species composition were mediated by six important environmental variables: air temperature, canopy height, percent ground cover of twigs, litter biomass, litter moisture content, and an air temperature X distance from edge interaction effect, due to the different temperature profiles of edges with differing edge vegetation density. Population densities of 15 of the 32 most abundant beetle species tested (47\%) were significantly affected by forest fragmentation. Species responses were classified empirically into four major categories: (A) edge sensitive, area insensitive; (B) area sensitive, edge insensitive; (C) edge and area sensitive; and (D) edge and area insensitive. Within these categories, trends in density were either positive (deep-forest species), or negative (disturbed- area species), with species showing the full spectrum of responses to fragmentation. The vast majority of species were adversely affected. Estimated species loss rates from forest fragments were: 49.8\% of common species from 1-ha fragments, 29.8\% from 10-ha fragments, and 13.8\% from 100-ha fragments. Declining density was a significant precursor of species loss from forest fragments, but other species that did not show significant population density responses to fragmentation were also absent from some fragments, presumably by chance. The probability of species loss from forest fragments was not correlated with body size or trophic group for the 32 common species, although for the entire beetle assemblage (993 species) proportions of species in different trophic groups changed significantly with fragmentation. Rarity and population variability (in undisturbed forest) were significant predictors of susceptibility to fragmentation. Surprisingly, though, common species were significantly more likely to become locally extinct in small fragments than rarer species. This lends empirical support to models of multispecies coexistence under disturbance that suggest competitively dominant but poorly dispersing species are the first to become extinct due to habitat destruction. Thus, rarer species are predicted to be better dispersers and better at persisting.},
	keywords = {forest change biodiversity dung beetles corridors},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000075196100001},
	author = {Didham, R. K. and Hammond, P. M. and Lawton, J. H. and Eggleton, P. and Stork, N. E.}
}
@article {1527,
	title = {Trophic structure stability and extinction dynamics of beetles (Coleoptera) in tropical forest fragments},
	journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences},
	volume = {353},
	number = {1367},
	year = {1998},
	note = {ZL796PHIL TRANS ROY SOC LONDON B},
	month = {Mar 29},
	pages = {437-451},
	abstract = {A first analysis of the stability of trophic structure following tropical forest fragmentation was performed in an experimentally fragmented tropical forest landscape in Central Amazonia. A taxonomically and trophically diverse assemblage of 993 species of beetles was sampled from 920 m(2) of leaf litter at 46 sites, varying in distance from forest edge and fragment area. Beetle density increased significantly towards the forest: edge and showed non-linear changes with fragment area, due to the influx of numerous disturbed-area species into 10 ha and 1 ha fragments. There was a marked change in species composition with both decreasing distance from forest edge and decreasing fragment area, but surprisingly this change in composition was not accompanied by a change in species richness. Rarefied species richness did not vary significantly across any of the sites, indicating that local extinctions of deep forest species were balanced by equivalent colonization rates of disturbed-area species. The change in species composition with fragmentation was non-random across trophic groups. Proportions of predator species and xylophage species changed significantly with distance from forest edge, but no area-dependent changes in proportions of species in trophic groups were observed. Trophic structure was also analysed with respect to proportions of abundance in six trophic groups. Proportions of abundance of all trophic groups except xylomycetophages changed markedly with respect to both distance from forest edge and fragment area. Local extinction probabilities calculated far individual beetle species supported theoretical predictions of the differential susceptibility of higher trophic levels to extinction, and of changes in trophic structure following forest fragmentation. To reduce random effects due to sampling error, only abundant species (n greater than or equal to 46) were analysed for extinction probabilities, as defined by absence from samples. Of these common species, 27\% had significantly higher probabilities of local extinction following fragmentation. The majority of these species were predators; 42\% of all abundant predator species were significantly more likely to be absent from samples in forest fragments than in undisturbed forest. These figures are regarded as minimum estimates for the entire beetle assemblage because rarer species drill inevitably have higher extinction probabilities. Absolute loss of biodiversity will affect ecosystem process rates, but the differential loss of species from trophic groups will have an even greater destabilizing effect on food web structure and ecosystem function.},
	keywords = {Dung beetles},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000073472400008},
	author = {Didham, R. K. and Lawton, J. H. and Hammond, P. M. and Eggleton, P.}
}
@article {1677,
	title = {Biodiversity loss and ecosystem function in tropical forests - Reply},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology \& Evolution},
	volume = {11},
	number = {10},
	year = {1996},
	note = {VK115TREND ECOL EVOLUT},
	month = {Oct},
	pages = {432-432},
	keywords = {dung beetles forest function},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1996VK11500016},
	author = {Ghazoul, J. and Didham, R. K.}
}
