@article {1324,
	title = {Effects of dung and seed size on secondary dispersal, seed predation, and seedling establishment of rain forest trees},
	journal = {Oecologia},
	volume = {139},
	number = {1},
	year = {2004},
	note = {801LKOECOLOGIA},
	month = {Mar},
	pages = {45-54},
	abstract = {Seeds dispersed by tropical, arboreal mammals are usually deposited singly and without dung or in clumps of fecal material. After dispersal through defecation by mammals, most seeds are secondarily dispersed by dung beetles or consumed by rodents. These post-dispersal, plant-animal interactions are likely to interact themselves, as seeds buried by dung beetles are less likely to be found by rodents than unburied seeds. In a series of three experiments with seeds of 15 species in central Amazonia (Brazil), we determined (1) how presence and amount of dung associated with seeds influences long-term seed fate and seedling establishment, (2) how deeply dung beetles bury seeds and how burial depth affects seedling establishment, and (3) how seed size affects the interaction between seeds, dung beetles, and rodents. Our overall goal was to understand how post-dispersal plant-animal interactions determine the link between primary seed dispersal and seedling establishment. On average, 43\% of seeds surrounded by dung were buried by dung beetles, compared to 0\% of seeds not surrounded by dung (n=2,156). Seeds in dung, however, tended to be more prone than bare seeds to predation by rodents. Of seeds in dung, probability of burial was negatively related to seed size and positively related to amount of dung. Burial of seeds decreased the probability of seed predation by rodents three-fold, and increased the probability of seedling establishment two-fold. Mean burial depth was 4 cm (0.5-20 cm) and was not related to seed size, contrary to previous studies. Probability of seedling establishment was negatively correlated with burial depth and not related to seed size at 5 or 10 cm depths. These results illustrate a complex web of interactions among dung beetles, rodents, and dispersed seeds. These interactions affect the probability of seedling establishment and are themselves strongly tied to how seeds are deposited by primary dispersers. More generally, our results emphasize the importance of looking beyond a single type of plant-animal interaction (e.g., seed dispersal or seed predation) to incorporate potential effects of interacting interactions.},
	keywords = {alouatta-palliata, beetles scarabaeidae, Central Amazonia, communities, ecology, fate, horse dung, howler monkeys, los-, plant, plant-animal interactions, rain forest, recruitment, seed, tuxtlas},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000220097200006},
	author = {Andresen, Ellen and Levey, Douglas J.}
}
@article {1353,
	title = {Comunidade de escarabeineos (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae) copro-necrofagos da regiao de Brejo Novo, Caruaru, Pernambuco, Brasil},
	journal = {Revista Brasileira de Entomologia},
	volume = {51},
	number = {2},
	year = {2007},
	month = {june},
	pages = {228-233},
	abstract = {This paper reports the results of the preliminary survey of copro-necrophagous dung beetles of Brejo Novo region, Caruaru, Pernambuco, as well as some aspects of the community structure such as seasonality, diversity, equitability, richness and abundance of species. Ten samplings with intervals of 30 days and duration of 48 hours, fortnightly were done between September 2003 to July 2004. Scarab beetles were collected with 24 pitfall traps baited with two types of baits, human excrements and rotting bovine meat. A total of 1,540 individuals belonging to six tribes, 12 genera and 28 species were collected. The species Canthon af. carbonarius, Canthon chalybaeus, Dichotomius nisus, D. semisquamosus, Digitonthophagus gazella and Eurysternus hirtellus are, apparently, adapted to the studied environment. Traps baited with human excrements attracted 826 individuals and those with rotting bovine meat attracted 714 specimens. Large number of species (15) considered {\textquotedblleft}rare{\textquotedblright} occurred, being three of them {\textquotedblleft}singletons{\textquotedblright}, two {\textquotedblleft}doubletons{\textquotedblright} and 10 with abundance between three and 10 individuals; 13 species were considered {\textquotedblleft}common{\textquotedblright}. Of the analyzed species, seven present generalist alimentary habits, four are strictly coprophagous and one is strictly necrophagous. Positive correlations were verified between the precipitation and the abundance of the individuals and the species richness. This preliminary survey of the dung beetles of the Brejo Novo region contributed to increase the number of species registered for Pernambuco and northeast region of Brazil. },
	keywords = {Alimentary habit, biodiversity, brazil, ecology, Scarabaeinae},
	author = {Barbosa Silva, Fernando Augusto and Hernandez, M. I. M. and Ide, Sergio and de Moura, Rita de Cassia}
}
@article {1571,
	title = {Diversidade de Scarabaeidae s. str. (Coleoptera) da reserva biologica Guaribas, Mamanguape, Paraiba, Brasil: uma comparacao entre Mata Atlantica e Tabuleiro Nordestino},
	journal = {Revista Brasileira de Entomologia},
	volume = {51},
	number = {1},
	year = {2007},
	month = {Mar},
	pages = {67-71},
	abstract = {Scarabaeid beetles consume dung and carcasses of large vertebrates. Guilds of scarabeids were compared between Forest and Tabuleiro at the Reserva Biológica Guaribas, Mamanguape, in the state of Paraíba. Samples were collected monthly from November 2001 to April 2002 in Forest and Tabuleiro. Insects were collected by using 24 pitfall-traps, 12 in each area, with six traps baited with human excrement and six with rotten liver. Fifteen species and 1298 specimens were collected in the Forest and 25 species and 2235 specimens in the Tabuleiro. Eleven species occurred in both areas, whereas 14 were found only in the Tabuleiro and four in the Forest. Dichotomius sericeus (Harold, 1867) was the most abundant species in the two areas. The Tabuleiro was the most species-rich; however dominance was greatest in the Forest. The presence of common species in the two studied areas confers a moderate similarity to the forest and Tabuleiro habitats.},
	keywords = {communities, Diversity Index, ecology, Similarity},
	author = {Endres, Ana Aline and Creao-Duarte, Antonio Jose and Medina Hernandez, Malva Isabel}
}
@article {1572,
	title = {Consideracoes sobre Coprophanaeus ensifer (Germar) (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae) em um remanescente de Mata Atlantica no Estado da Paraiba, Brasil},
	journal = {Revista Brasileira de Entomologia},
	volume = {49},
	number = {3},
	year = {2005},
	month = {Sep},
	pages = {427-429},
	abstract = {Insects of the family Scarabaeidae feed on organic matter in decomposition, participating actively in biogeocycling of nutrients. C. ensifer is a large-sized necrophagous beette that occurs in tropical forests. In the present work we aimed to record some ecological characteristics of this species regarding the seasonality and bait attractivity. Thirteen samples were performed between December/1998 and December/1999 in the Mata do Buraquinho, a remnant of the Atlantic Forest in João Pessoa, PB. Seventy-one specimens were captured in four baited pitfall traps: 35 on pork meat, 22 on kidney, and 14 on bovine meat. There was no significant difference among the baits with respect to their stimuli for attracting the insects. No specimens of C. ensifer were trapped on baits of liver. The monthly abundance of insects is positively correlated the precipitation (r s=0,65; p<0,05) and humidity (rs=0,55; p<0,05) and inversely with temperature (r s=-0,70; p<0,01). The specimens were collected only from April to September, within the rainy period, an aspect that corroborates the seasonal pattern of occurrence. },
	keywords = {abundance, attractivity of baits, ecology, Seasonality},
	author = {Endres, Ana Aline and Medina Hernandez, Malva Isabel and Creao-Duarte, Antonio Jose}
}
@article {1865,
	title = {Besouros coprofagos (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) coletados em Campo Grande, MS, Brasil},
	journal = {Annales da Sociedade de Entomologia Brasil},
	volume = {28},
	number = {3},
	year = {1999},
	month = {sep},
	pages = {403-412},
	keywords = {brazil, dung beetle, ecology, Insecta, pasture},
	author = {Koller, Wilson W. and Gomes, Alberto and Rodrigues, Sergio R. and Alves, Rafael G. O.}
}
@article {1895,
	title = {Biology and ecology of Circellium bacchus (Fabricius 1781) (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae), a South African dung beetle of conservation concern},
	journal = {Tropical Zoology},
	volume = {19},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {185-207},
	abstract = {The dung beetle Circelliuin bacchus (Fabricius 1781) was once widespread in southern Abica but is now restricted to a few isolated fragments in the south of the Western and Eastern Cape Provinces of South Africa, with the largest pop- ulation present in the Addo Elephant National Park (AENP). The beetles{\textquoteright} activity is governed by precipitation and temperature; 18-26 "C and high relative humid- ity favour activity. The beetles are generalist dung feeders and breeders but have clear preferences for elephant dung for feeding, and buffalo dung for breeding. Fecundity is the lowest recorded for a dung beetle, with a maximum of two but on average only one progeny produced per year. The species is unique amongst ball-rolling (ielecoprid) dung beetles in that females initiate, form and roll brood balls, something carried out exclusively by males in other species. The beetles are habitat specialisrs prefening dense undisturbed vegetation to more open, dis- turbed vegetation. The species should be considered rare because of its narrow geographical range, restricted biotope specificity and biological attributes. Fur- thermore, ii complies with most of the characteristics that increase its likelihood of endangerment or extinction and qualifies as "vulnerable" according to IUCN criteria of threatened species.},
	keywords = {Circellrum bacchus, conservation, ecology, scarab, vulnerable},
	author = {Kryger, U. and Cole, K. S. and Tukker, R. and Scholtz, Clarke H.}
}
@article {1670,
	title = {Dung Beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae, Geotrupidae) Attracted to Fresh Cattle Dung in Wooded and Open Pasture},
	journal = {Community and Ecosystem Ecology},
	volume = {24},
	number = {5},
	year = {1995},
	note = {have copy},
	pages = {1063-1068},
	keywords = {cattle dung, Dung, dung beetle, ecology, habitat change mammals},
	author = {Galante, E. and Mena, Javier and Lumbreras, Carlos J.}
}
@article {2153,
	title = {Acaros das familias Scutacaridae e Pygmephoridae (Acari: Heterostigmata) associados a besouros coprofagos (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) no Brasil},
	journal = {Neotropical Entomology},
	volume = {30},
	number = {3},
	year = {2001},
	month = {sep},
	pages = {387-390},
	abstract = {Dung beetles were collected in pasture areas in Piracicaba (State of São Paulo), Aquidauana (State of Mato Grosso do Sul) and Capão do Leão (State of Rio Grande do Sul). In the first two sites, the beetles were collected in pitfall traps, while in the third site they were collected in a light trap. Mites of the families Scutacaridae and Pygmephoridae were commonly found on those beetles. In the family Scutacaridae, the following species were found: Pygmodispus (Pygmodispus) bicornutus Ebermann \& Rodrigues, Scutacarus longitarsus (Berlese) and Scutacarus sp. In the family Pygmephoridae, the following genera were found: Elattoma, Bakerdania, Elattosoma, Pediculaster sp. near brasiliensis and Sicilipes. Only female mites were collected. },
	keywords = {cattle dung, ecology, pasture, phoresy},
	author = {Rodrigues, Sergio R. and Marchini, Luis C. and Carbonari, Jairo J.}
}
@article {2229,
	title = {Effects of seed dispersal by three ateline monkey species on seed germination at Tinigua National Park, Colombia},
	journal = {International Journal of Primatology},
	volume = {23},
	number = {6},
	year = {2002},
	month = {Dec},
	pages = {1187-1204},
	abstract = {We examined the effect of seed ingestion by three ateline primates: woolly monkeys, Lagothrix lagothricha; spider monkeys, Ateles belzebuth; and, red howler, Alouatta seniculus on germination rates and latency periods of seeds of several plant species in Tinigua National Park, Colombia. We collected dispersed seeds from feces and control seeds from the parental trees and washed them for germination trials. For the majority of plants, dispersed seeds germinated as well or better than control seeds did. Although spider monkeys depend more heavily on fruits than the other monkey species do, they were not more efficient than howlers or woolly monkeys at improving germination rates. A considerable proportion of the seeds dispersed by howlers and woolly monkeys showed reduced latency periods to germination, but spider monkeys showed less effect on reducing germination time. This result may be related to longer gut retention times, but such a trend has not been observed in other primate species. We conclude that, like many other primates, ateline monkeys are effective seed dispersers in terms of their effects on the seeds they swallow because they rarely decrease their germination rates. We discuss problems that make interspecific comparisons difficult, such as inappropriate control seeds and differences associated with germination substrates, and we stress the importance of studying other components of seed dispersal effectiveness.},
	keywords = {Alouatta, alouatta-palliata, Ateles belzebuth, Dung beetles, ecology, feeding, french-guiana, fruit, germination rate, Lagothrix lagothricha, LAGOTHRIX-LAGOTRICHA, latency period, los-tuxtlas, primates, seed dispersal, seniculus, TRE, tropical rain-forest},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000179360100003 },
	author = {Stevenson, P. R. and Castellanos, M. C. and Pizarro, J. C. and Garavito, M.}
}
