@article {1917,
	title = {Modification in the dung beetles communities on highland grasslands of the Iberian Central System (Spain) along an altitudinal gradient},
	journal = {Acta Zoologica Mexicana Nueva Serie},
	number = {53},
	year = {1992},
	note = {1992ArticleSpanish; Non English},
	pages = {15-31},
	abstract = {The effect of a moderated altitudinal variation (500 m) on the dung beetle communities is studied in highland grasslands of the Iberian Central System. The more is the altitude the less is the richness of these communities. This decrease is more important in the warm south slope stations than in the north slope stations, since south slope grasslands are inhabited for a larger number of species with small populations, which are unable to colonize grasslands of the highest altitude. The Scarabaeidae species are the principal component of this latter group. However there is not an altitudinal variation in the abundance. In addition, north-slope dung beetle communities have a lesser number of species, but similar number of individuals and larger biomass. These results are in accordance with a density compensation pattern.},
	keywords = {altitudinal-distribution, Animalia-, Animals-, Arthropoda-, Arthropods-, Coleoptera- (Coleoptera-), Coleoptera-: Insecta-, Ecology- (Environmental-Sciences), Insects-, Invertebrata-, Invertebrates-, Physiology-},
	author = {Lobo, Jorge M.}
}
@article {1920,
	title = {Diversity, biogeographical considerations and spatial structure of a recently invaded dung beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea) community in the Chihuahuan desert},
	journal = {Global Ecology and Biogeography Letters},
	volume = {5},
	number = {6},
	year = {1996},
	note = {1996Research ArticleEnglish},
	pages = {342-352},
	abstract = {Analysis of the faunal composition and diversity of Mapimi dung beetle communities indicates that, while much poorer than those near the edges of the Chihuahuan desert, they may possibly have been even more so in the recent past, since at least four of the six captured species were introduced recently into North America. While their overall diversity and composition appear explicable in terms of historic and topographic factors, the regional variation in these communities between sample sites is argued to be a function of the interplay of the environmental requirements of the species and the quantity and quality of trophic resources available.},
	keywords = {Animalia-, Animals-, Arthropoda-, Arthropods-, Biogeography- (Population-Studies), Coleoptera-: Insecta-, dung-beetle (Coleoptera-), Ecology- (Environmental-Sciences), Insects-, Invertebrata-, Invertebrates-, Mexico- (North-America, Nearctic-, Physiology-},
	author = {Lobo, J. M.}
}
@article {2126,
	title = {The influence of horn and body size on the reproductive behavior of the horned rainbow scarab beetle Phanaeus difformis (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)},
	journal = {Journal of Insect Behavior},
	volume = {7},
	number = {1},
	year = {1994},
	note = {1994ArticleEnglish},
	pages = {67-82},
	abstract = {The reproductive behavior of horned rainbow scarab beetles, Phanaeus difformis, was studied to determine the influence of morphological traits on intersexual and intrasexual interactions. Phanaeus difformis is a sexually dimorphic dung beetle in which males possess much larger horns than females, and males can be grouped into "major" and "minor" male morph categories based on horn size. Male-female pairs cooperated in nest construction and provisioning. In the laboratory, males of both morphs assisted females and were equally successful at copulating. However, in the field larger individuals had a pairing advantage due to greater success in intrasexual competition. Some males used an alternative mating tactic which involved sneaking copulations with paired females. In most cases the sneak male was smaller than the paired male.},
	keywords = {Animalia-, Animals-, Arthropoda-, Arthropods-, Behavior-, Coleoptera-: Insecta-, Development-, Ecology- (Environmental-Sciences), Genetics-, in, Invertebrata-, morphology-, Phanaeus-difformis (Coleoptera-), Physiology-, Reproductive-System (Reproduction-)},
	author = {Rasmussen, Janet L.}
}
@article {2216,
	title = {Brood care in the dung beetle Onthophagus vacca (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae): The effect of soil moisture on time budget, nest structure, and reproductive success},
	journal = {Ecography},
	volume = {19},
	number = {3},
	year = {1996},
	note = {1996ArticleEnglish},
	pages = {254-258},
	abstract = {Under laboratory conditions brood care behaviour, nest structure and weight of dung supply in brood chambers of the dung beetle Onthophagus vacca proved to depend on water content of the soil beneath the dung. The substrate in a bucket beneath the dung pat was dry sand (4\% water content) or moist sand (8\% water content). Emigrating beetles were trapped and counted at 12 h intervals. In a total of 109 replicates one pair was released on an artificial 1000 g dung pat. From 95 replicates in which brood chambers were built the following results were derived: 1) Breeding females and resident males which helped the female stayed longer in dung pats on dry sand than in those on moist sand. 2) Nest architecture was influenced by substrate moisture: length of main tunnels did not differ between nests in dry and moist sand, but total length of side tunnels was shorter in dry sand. 3) Numbers of brood chambers were equal in both substrate types, weight of the dung supplies was larger in dry sand. 4) Offspring size was not only influenced by dung provision in the brood chambers. Beetles emerging from chambers in dry sand were smaller than those emerging from moist sand even if the amount of dung supply was equal.},
	keywords = {Animalia-, Animals-, Arthropoda-, Arthropods-, Behavior-, Coleoptera-: Insecta-, Ecology- (Environmental-Sciences), Invertebrata-, Onthophagus-vacca (Coleoptera-), Physiology-, Reproductive-System (Reproduction-), Scarabaeidae- (Coleoptera-), Soil-Science},
	author = {Sowig,Peter}
}
@article {2292,
	title = {Iridescent dung beetles: A different angle},
	journal = {Florida Entomologist},
	volume = {80},
	number = {2},
	year = {1997},
	note = {1997Research ArticleEnglish},
	pages = {132-141},
	abstract = {Iridescence, in both the visible and ultraviolet (UV) spectra, is produced by various means and may serve several functions in different animals. In insects, such colors are often considered as anti-predator adaptations, either crypsis or aposematism, or a means of thermoregulation. A less explored alternative is social signaling. Iridescent colors are particularly useful in this context because they are brightest from certain directions and body orientation could be employed to direct a visual signal to particular receivers. In phanaeine dung beetles the head and prothoracic shield reflect a visible-light and UV iridescence that is best seen from a position facing the insect. The less iridescent male horn is silhouetted against the prothoracic shield. Since, horn size is indicative of male size, such a display may be directed to sexual competitors in agonistic interactions. Broad and reflective prothoracic surfaces on males might also be preferred by females choosing a mate, who will cooperate in future brood care, since they would make infestations of kleptoparasitic flies more obvious.},
	keywords = {Animalia-, Animals-, Arthropoda-, Arthropods-, Behavior-, Coleoptera-: Insecta-, dung-beetle (Coleoptera-), Ecology- (Environmental-Sciences), Insects-, Integumentary-System (Chemical-Coordination-and-Homeostasis), Invertebrata-, Invertebrate, morphology-},
	author = {Vulinec, Kevina}
}
