@article {1896,
	title = {Effects of cattle treatment with a cypermethrin/cymiazol spray on survival and reproduction of the dung beetle species Euoniticellus intermedius (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)},
	journal = {Bulletin of Entomological Research},
	volume = {96},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {597-603},
	abstract = {In a bioassay to determine non-target ecotoxicological effects of a pyrethroid spray (Ektoban1) on dung beetles, dung from both cypermethrin/cymiazol- treated and control cattle was collected one, two, three, five, seven, 14, 21 and 28 days after treatment and fed to a treatment and control group (respectively) of beetles of the species Euoniticellus intermedius (Reiche). This was done to assess whether a spray formulation of cypermethrin may affect dung beetles differently than previously tested pour-on formulations. Following three beetle generations for two weeks each, the experiment retrieved no significant differences in adult or larval survival, egg production, fecundity and fertility between the control and treatment group. These results demonstrated that the used spray formulation of cypermethrin is likely to be far less detrimental to dung beetles than previously tested pour-ons.},
	keywords = {antiparasiticide, cymiazol, cypermethrin, Dung beetles, ecotoxicological effect, Euoniticellus intermedius, pyrethroid},
	author = {Kryger, U. and Deschodt, C. and Davis, A. L. and Scholtz, Clarke H.}
}
@article {2072,
	title = {Global dung beetle response to tropical forest modification and fragmentation: A quantitative literature review and meta-analysis},
	journal = {Biological Conservation},
	volume = {137},
	number = {1},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {1-19},
	abstract = {Although insects are crucial for maintaining ecosystem function, our understanding of their overall response to human activity remains limited. This is no less true of dung-burying beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae), which provide a suite of critical ecosystem functions and services, yet but face multiple conservation threats, particularly from landscape conversion. Here we use a review and meta-analysis to synthesize the current knowledge concerning response to tropical forest modification and fragmentation of dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae). For every modified habitat type and individual forest fragment across 33 studies, we calculated six dung beetle community parameters, standardized relative to intact tropical forest. We organized modified habitats along an approximate disturbance gradient ranging from selectively logged, late and early secondary forest, through agroforestry, tree plantations, to annual crops, cattle pastures and clear-cuts. Secondary forests, selectively logged forest and agroforests supported rich communities with many intact forest species, while cattle pastures and clear-cuts contained fewer species overall with few forest-dwelling species. Abundance generally declined with increasing modification, but was quite variable. Communities in open habitats were often characterized by hyper-abundance of a small number of small-bodied species, leading to low evenness. Across fragmentation studies, dung beetle species richness, abundance and evenness declined in smaller forest fragments. Richness and abundance sometimes declined in more isolated fragments, although this response appeared to depend on matrix quality. Across both habitat modification and fragmentation studies, geographic location and landscape context appeared to modify dung beetle response by influencing the available pool of colonists. We discuss potential underlying mechanisms and conclude with recommendations for management and conservation and for future research.},
	keywords = {Agroforestry, community ecology, deforestation, Invertebrate, Land-use change, Scarabaeinae},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V5X-4ND710H-1/2/3d7a5f4362824647199ebdfd5821fa14 },
	author = {Nichols, E. and Larsen, T. and Spector, S. and Davis, A. L. and Escobar, F. and Favila, M. and Vulinec, K.}
}
