@article {1849,
	title = {Various population fluctuation patterns of light-attracted beetles in a tropical lowland dipterocarp forest in Sarawak},
	journal = {Population Ecology},
	volume = {42},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {97-104},
	abstract = {The population fluctuation pattern of light- attracted beetles was studied from August 1992 to Septem- ber 1998 (for 73 months) using ultraviolet light-traps set at three vertical levels in a tropical lowland dipterocarp forest in Sarawak, Malaysia. During our study, a general flowering occurred from April to July in 1996, and flowering on a small scale in 1997 and 1998. We analyzed the data for eight scarabaeid and six meloid species, some of which were anthophilous species. Various fluctuation patterns were observed among the beetle species in aspects of both seasonality and correlation with the supraannual pheno- logical pattern. Three large chafer species (Scarabaeidae, Melolonthini) showed a clear seasonal fluctuation pattern with a peak once from March to May every year, the peak monthly catch greatly fluctuating annually. Other scara- baeid beetles did not show such a clear seasonal population pattern and hardly fluctuated annually. Populations of an anthophilous scarabaeid species, Parastasia bimaculata, a specific pollinator of Homalomena propinqua (Araceae), hardly fluctuated, probably because of its response to the constant flowering of its floral hosts. Monthly catches of an anthophilous scarabaeid, Anomala sp., and meloid beetles showed clear supraannual patterns in response to the gen- eral flowering and were significantly correlated with the flowering intensity with or without a lag of a month. The fluctuation pattern of meloids suggests a supraannual popu- lation fluctuation pattern of their hosts, i.e., megachilid/ anthophorid bees. },
	keywords = {Borneo, General flowering, light-trap, Meloidae, Population dynamics, Scarabaeidae},
	author = {Kato, Makoto and Itioka, Takao and Sakai, Shoko and Momose, Kuniyasu and Yamane, Seiki and Hamid, Abang Abdul and Inoue, Tamiji}
}
@article {2178,
	title = {A new pollination system: Dung-beetle pollination discovered in Orchidantha inouei (Lowiaceae, Zingiberales) in Sarawak, Malaysia},
	journal = {American Journal of Botany},
	volume = {86},
	number = {1},
	year = {1999},
	note = {digitalobligately pollinated by diurnal onthophagus (6-10mm)and secondarily by paragymnopleurus (13-20mm)},
	pages = {56-61},
	abstract = {Lowiaceae, a family of the Zingiberales, comprise 11 species in the single genus Orchidantha. Here we present the first report on the pollination of Lowiaceae and describe a new system of dung-beetle pollination from Sarawak, Borneo. Or- chidantha inouei has a zygomorphic flower located just above the ground. Obser vations revealed that the plant is visited frequently and is pollinated by scarabaeid dung beetles, mainly members of the genus Onthophagus. All four species of Onthophagus collected on O. inouei have also been caught using traps baited with dung or carrion in Borneo. Onthophagus was presumably attracted to the dung-like odor of the flower. Pollination of O. inouei is different from other examples of beetle pollination in that its flower provides neither reward nor protected space. Dung beetles are excellent at following a particular dung scent. Orchidantha is the only genus that includes species lacking floral nectar. It is interesting that this deception pollination using dung beetles was found in Zingiberales, in which all known species have mutual and specialized relationships with their long-distance, but costly, pollinators{\textemdash}bees, birds, and bats. },
	keywords = {annotated, asia, deceit pollination, dung beetle, ecological function, Lowiaceae, mixed dipterocarp forest, pollination, Sarawak, Zingiberales.},
	author = {Sakai, Shoko and Inoue, Tamiji}
}
