@article {1316,
	title = {Primary seed dispersal by red howler monkeys and the effect of defecation patterns on the fate of dispersed seeds},
	journal = {Biotropica},
	volume = {34},
	number = {2},
	year = {2002},
	note = {569EEBIOTROPICA},
	month = {Jun},
	pages = {261-272},
	abstract = {The effectiveness of a seed disperser depends on the quantity and quality of dispersal. The quality of dispersal depends in large part on factors that affect the post-dispersal fate of seeds, and yet this aspect of dispersal quality is rarely assessed. In the particular case of seed dispersal through endozoochory the defecation pattern produced has the potential of affecting the fate of dispersed seeds and consequently, dispersal quality and effectiveness. In this study, I assessed the effects of dung presence and dung/seed densities on seed predation by rodents and seconclary dispersal by dung beetles. In particular, I compared seed fates in clumped defecation patterns, as those produced by howler monkeys, with seed faces in scattered defecation patterns, as those produced by other frugivores. I also determined the prevalence of red howler monkeys (Alouatta seniculus) as seed dispersers at the plant community level in Central Amazonia by determining the number of species they dispersed in a 25-month period. I found chat dung presence and a-mount affected rodent and dung beetle behavior. Seed predation rates were higher when dung was present, and when it was in higher densities. The same number of seeds was buried by dung beetles, in clumped versus scattered defecation patterns, but more seeds were buried when they were inside large dung-piles versus small piles. Seed density had no effect on rodent or dung beetle behavior. Results indicate that caution should be taken when categorizing an animal as a high or low quality seed disperser before carefully examining the factors that affect the fate of dispersed seeds. Red howler monkeys dispersed the seeds of 137 species during the study period, which is the highest yet reported number for an Alouatta species, and should thus be considered highly prevalent seed dispersers at the plant community level in Central Amazonian terra firme rain forests.},
	keywords = {Alouatta, alouatta-palliata, Central Amazonia, defecation pattern, dispersal, Dung beetles, dung beetles scarabaeidae, howler monkeys, los, postdispersal, primary seed dispersal, secondary seed, seed, seed fate, tropical moist forest, tropical rain-forest},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000176587000008},
	author = {Andresen, Ellen}
}
@article {1762,
	title = {Effects of forest fragmentation on the activity of dung beetles},
	journal = {Revue D Ecologie-La Terre Et La Vie},
	year = {2002},
	note = {Times Cited: 0Cited Reference Count: 51Cited References:      *SPSS INC, 1998, SYSTAT 8 0 STAT     ANDRESEN E, 1999, BIOTROPICA, V31, P145     ANDRESEN E, 2000, THESIS U FLORIDA     ANDRSEN E, 1994, THESIS DUKE U     BORNEMISSZA GF, 1970, PEDOBIOLOGIA, V10, P1     BROWN KS, 1997, TROPICAL FOREST REMN, P91     CLAESSENS O, 2002, REV ECOL TERRE VIE S, V8, P21     DALECKY A, 2002, REV ECOL TERRE VIE S, V8, P145     DIDHAM RK, 1998, ECOL MONOGR, V68, P295     DIDHAM RK, 1996, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V11, P255     ESTRADA A, 1999, AM J PRIMATOL, V48, P253     ESTRADA A, 1986, FRUGIVORES SEED DISP     ESTRADA A, 1991, J TROP ECOL, V7, P459     ESTRADA A, 1998, J TROP ECOL 5, V14, P577     FEER F, 1999, J TROP ECOL, V15, P1     FEER F, 2001, REV ECOL-TERRE VIE, V56, P119     FINCHER GT, 1973, J PARASITOL, V59, P396     FORGET PM, 1991, TROP ECOL, V32, P155     GILL BD, 1991, DUNG BEETLE ECOLOGY, P211     GRANJON L, 1996, ACTA OECOL, V17, P673     GUILLOTIN M, 1994, J ZOOL, V233, P551     HALFFTER G, 1966, FOLIA ENTOMOL MEXICO, V12, P1     HALFFTER G, 1992, FOLIA ENTOMOLOGICA M, V84, P131     HALFFTER G, 1982, NESTING BEHAV DUNG B     HALLWACHS W, 1994, CLUMSY DANCE AGOUTI     HANSKI I, 1989, ECOSYSTEMS WORLD, P489     HINGRAT Y, 1999, EFFETS FRAGMENTATION     HOWDEN HF, 1981, CONTRIBUTIONS AM ENT, V18, P1     HOWE HF, 1980, ECOLOGY, V61, P944     HOWE HF, 1989, OECOLOGIA, V79, P417     JANZEN DH, 1982, ECOLOGY, V63, P1887     JANZEN DH, 1986, FRUGIVORES SEED DISP, P251     JULLIOT C, 1996, INT J PRIMATOL, V17, P239     KLEIN BC, 1989, ECOLOGY, V70, P1715     LAURANCE WF, 1997, TROPICAL FOREST REMN     LOVEJOY TE, 1986, CONSERVATION BIOL SC, P257     MALCOLM JR, 1997, TROPICAL FOREST REMN, P207     PECK SB, 1984, BIOTROPICA, V16, P235     PECK SB, 1982, CAN J ZOOL, V60, P1624     POWELL AH, 1987, BIOTROPICA, V19, P176     RATIARISON S, 1999, FRAGMENTATION FOREST     RINGUET S, 1998, THESIS MUSEUM NAT HI     SABATIER D, 1983, THESIS U SCI TECHNIQ     SHEPHERD VE, 1998, J TROP ECOL 2, V14, P199     SILVIUS KM, 1999, THESIS U FLORIDA     SIMMEN B, 1996, INT J PRIMATOL, V17, P661     SOKAL RR, 1981, BIOMETRY     SOUZA OFF, 1994, J TROP ECOL, V10, P197     SPIRONELLO WR, 1999, THESIS U CAMBRIDGE U     VANROOSMALEN MGM, 1985, ACTA AMAZONICA, V19, P1     VULINEC K, 2000, FLA ENTOMOL, V83, P229FrenchArticle8616CUREV ECOL-TERRE VIE},
	pages = {165-179},
	abstract = {The effect of seed burial by dung beetles on seed survival and seedling establishment in Tetragastris altissima (Burseraceae) was measured on 3 sites of continuous forest and 7 islands in the man-inundated rain forest of Saint-Eugene, French Guiana. Experiments using a total of 250 seeds were performed using wire enclosures open to dung beetles but excluding terrestrial seed predators. Fragmentation had no effect on the rate of dung disappearance at 12, 24 and 48 h because there was a high variability between sites. On average, 24 \% of seeds were buried by dung beetles after 72 h, Overall, there was no effect of fragmentation due to variation between sites. Dung burial rates were positively correlated with rarefaction of the dung beetle samples collected on the different sites. They were also positively correlated with weighted abundances of large diurnal tunnellers after 12 h and to total tunnellers after 24 h. Seed burial was positively correlated to weighted abundance of large nocturnal tunnellers and of total tunnellers. The species diversity and abundance were positively related to area that did not involve a correlation between seed burial rates and area. After 72 h, survival rate of protected seeds at ground surface was significantly larger (78 \%) than for non protected seeds (22 \%), which were attacked by rodents. There was no difference between continuous forest and islands. Eight percent of buried seeds emerged, i.e. 2 \% of all seeds deposited. Burial depth significantly affected the rate of emergence of buried seeds. Ninety percent of seeds at surface germinated versus 0 \% at 10 and 15 cm. The effects of seed burial by dung beetles on early recruitment of T altissima was low and highly variable between sites in relation with the structure of the community of Scarabaeidae and intensity of seed predation.},
	keywords = {Amazonia, COLEOPTERA, communities, dispersal, french-guiana, los-tuxtlas, Mexico, monkeys alouatta-palliata, Scarabaeidae, seed, tropical rain-forest},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000179284800011},
	author = {Hingrat, Y. and Feer, F.}
}
