@article {1459,
	title = {Ungulate community structure and ecological processes: body size, hoof area and trampling in African savannas},
	journal = {Oecologia},
	volume = {134},
	number = {4},
	year = {2003},
	note = {Times Cited: 0Cited Reference Count: 37Cited References:      ABDELMAGID AH, 1987, J RANGE MANAGE, V40, P303     ABDELMAGID AH, 1987, J RANGE MANAGE, V40, P307     ALTMANN SA, 1987, J ZOOL, V211, P215     BARDSLEY WG, 2001, SIMFIT REFERENCE MAN     BENNETT MB, 1999, J ZOOL 3, V247, P365     BROWN JH, 2000, SCALING BIOL     CALDER WA, 1984, SIZE FUNCTION LIFE H     COE MJ, 1976, OECOLOGIA, V22, P341     COLLINSON RFH, 1982, INKWE, V1, P1     CUMMING DHM, 1982, ECOLOGY TROPICAL SAV, P217     CUMMING DHM, 1997, S AFR J SCI, V93, P231     CUMMING DHM, 1999, STUDY DEV TRANSBOUND     DADKHAH M, 1980, WATER RESOUR BULL, V16, P979     DAMUTH J, 1981, BIOL J LINN SOC, V15, P185     ECKERT RE, 1986, J RANGE MANAGE, V39, P414     FRITZ H, 1994, P ROY SOC LOND B BIO, V256, P77     GARLAND T, 1983, AM NAT, V121, P571     GIFFORD GF, 1980, UTAH AGR EXP STN RES, V50, P1     JOLICOEUR P, 1990, J THEOR BIOL, V144, P257     LABARBERA M, 1989, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V20, P97     LAWS RM, 1970, OIKOS, V21, P1     LAWTON JH, 1994, OIKOS, V71, P367     LULL HW, 1959, USDA FOREST SERV MIS, V768, P1     MENTIS MT, 1981, VELD PASTURE MANAGEM, P287     OWENSMITH RN, 1988, MEGAHERBIVORES INFLU     OWENSMITH RN, 1993, P 17 INT GRASSL C NZ, V1, P691     PETERS RH, 1983, ECOLOGICAL IMPLICATI     PLUMPTRE AJ, 1993, AFR J ECOL, V32, P115     PROTHERO J, 1986, J THEOR BIOL, V118, P259     SKINNER JD, 1990, MAMMALS SO AFRICAN S     SMITHERS RHN, 1983, MAMMALS SO AFRICAN S     SOKAL RR, 1995, BIOMETRY PRINCIPLES     SPRUGEL DG, 1983, ECOLOGY, V64, P209     SSEMAKULA J, 1983, AFR J ECOL, V21, P325     VILJOEN PJ, 1990, S AFR J WILDL RES, V20, P65     WARREN SD, 1986, J RANGE MANAGE, V39, P491     WESTERN D, 1979, AFR J ECOL, V17, P185EnglishArticle655ZDOECOLOGIA},
	month = {Mar},
	pages = {560-568},
	abstract = {A wide range of bioenergetic, production, life history and ecological traits scale with body size in vertebrates. However, the consequences of differences in community body-size structure for ecological processes have not been explored. We studied the scaling relationships between body mass, shoulder height, hoof area, stride length and daily ranging distance in African ungulates ranging in size from the 5 kg dik-dik to the 5,000 kg African elephant, and the implications of these relationships on the area trampled by single and multi-species herbivore communities of differing structure. Hoof area, shoulder height and stride length were strongly correlated with body mass (Pearson{\textquoteright}s r >0.98, 0.95 and 0.90, respectively). Hoof area scaled linearly to body mass with a slope of unity, implying that the pressures exerted on the ground per unit area by a small antelope and an elephant are identical. Shoulder height and stride length scaled to body mass with similar slopes of 0.32 and 0.26, respectively; larger herbivores have relatively shorter legs and take relatively shorter steps than small herbivores, and so trample a greater area of ground per unit distance travelled. We compared several real and hypothetical single- and multi-species ungulate communities using exponents of between 0.1 and 0.5 for the body mass to daily ranging distance relationship and found that the estimated area trampled was greater in communities dominated by larger animals. The impacts of large herbivores are not limited to trampling. Questions about the ecological implications of community body-size structure for such variables as foraging and food intake, dung quality and deposition rates, methane production, and daily travelling distances remain clear research priorities.},
	keywords = {African herbivores, allometry, body mass, ecosystems, elephants, infiltration, livestock, mammals, pressures, scaling, soil, vegetation},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000181582700014},
	author = {Cumming, D. H. M. and Cumming, G. S.}
}
@article {1569,
	title = {The development and evolution of exaggerated morphologies in insects},
	journal = {Annual Review of Entomology},
	volume = {45},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {661-708},
	abstract = {We discuss a framework for studying the evolution of morphology in insects, based on the concepts of {\textquoteleft}{\textquoteleft}phenotypic plasticity{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright} and {\textquoteleft}{\textquoteleft}reaction norms.{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright} We illustrate this approach with the evolution of some of the most extreme morphologies in insects: exaggerated, sexually selected male ornaments and weapons, and elaborate social insect soldier castes. Most of these traits scale with body size, and these scaling relationships are often nonlinear. We argue that scaling relationships are best viewed as reaction norms, and that the evolution of exaggerated morphological traits results from genetic changes in the slope and/or shape of these scaling relationships. After reviewing literature on sexually selected and caste-specific structures, we suggest two possible routes to the evolution of exaggerated trait dimensions: (a) the evolution of steeper scaling relationship slopes and (b) the evolution of sigmoid or discontinuous scaling relationship shapes. We discuss evolutionary implications of these two routes to exaggeration and suggest why so many of the most exaggerated insect structures scale nonlinearly with body size. Finally, we review literature on insect development to provide a comprehensive picture of how scaling relationships arise and to suggest how they may be modified through evolution.},
	keywords = {allometry, castes, Polyphenism, sexual selection, threshold traits},
	author = {Emlen, Douglas J. and Nijhout, H. Frederik}
}
@article {2030,
	title = {Pupal remodeling and the development  and evolution of sexual dimorphism in horned beetles},
	journal = {The American Naturalist},
	volume = {168},
	number = {6},
	year = {2006},
	month = {dec},
	pages = {711-729},
	keywords = {allometry, evolvability, lability, Onthophagus, programmed cell death, pupal remodeling},
	author = {Moczek, Armin P.}
}
@article {2032,
	title = {Linear and threshold-dependent expression of secondary sexual traits in the same individual: insights from a horned beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)},
	journal = {Biological Journal of the Linnean Society},
	volume = {83},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {473-480},
	abstract = {Elaborate horns or horn-like structures in male scarab beetles commonly scale with body size either (a) in a linear fashion with horn size increasing relatively faster than body size or (b) in a threshold-dependent, sigmoid fashion; that is, males smaller than a certain critical body size develop no or only rudimentary horns, whereas males larger than the threshold size express fully developed horns. The development of linear vs. sigmoid scaling relationships is thought to require fundamentally different regulatory mechanisms. Here we show that such disparate regulatory mechanisms may co-occur in the same individual. Large males of the south-east Asian Onthophagus  ( Proagoderus ) watanabei  (Ochi \& Kon) (Scarabaeidae, Onthophagini) develop a pair of long, curved head horns as well as a single thoracic horn. We show that unlike paired head horns in a large number of Onthophagus  species, in O. watanabei  the relationship between head horns and body size is best explained by a linear model. Large males develop dispropor- tionately longer horns than small males, but the difference in relative horn sizes across the range of body sizes is small compared to other Onthophagus  species. However, the scaling relationship between the thoracic horn and body size is best explained by a strongly sigmoid model. Only males above a certain body size threshold express a thoracic horn and males smaller than this threshold express no horn at all. We found a significant positive correlation between head and thoracic horn length residuals, contrary to what would be expected if a resource allocation tradeoff during larval development would influence the length of both horn types. Our results suggest that the scaling rela- tionship between body size and horn length, and the developmental regulation underlying these scaling relation- ships, may be quite different for different horns, even though these horns may develop in the same individual. We discuss our results in the context of the developmental biology of secondary sexual traits in beetles.},
	keywords = {allometry, developmental constraint, developmental tradeoff, Onthophagus, scaling},
	author = {Moczek, Armin P. and Bruhl, Carsten and Krell, Frank-Thorsten}
}
@article {2108,
	title = {Male differentiation patterns in two polyphenic sister species of the genus Onthophagus Latreille, 1802 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae): a geometric morphometric approach},
	journal = {JZS},
	volume = {44},
	number = {1},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {54-62},
	abstract = {This paper focuses on morphological (both shape and size) differences that quite similar polyphenic sister species evolve during divergence processes. Traits were analysed using a geometrical morphometric approach, which has the ability to evidence also very subtle differences in shape. As a case study, we considered males of the dung beetle sister species pair Onthophagus taurus and Onthophagus illyricus (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae); these species represent a typical example of polyphenic trait expression concerning the facultative development of horns and considerable body size differences. External shape morphology failed to discriminate O. taurus from O. illyricus, whereas the reproductive system shape showed significant interspecific discrimination power. However, the head of O. taurus was significantly larger than that of O. illyricus and the reverse was true for the elytra. The two species also showed different allometric values of the head with respect to body size. This complex pattern of interspecific morphological divergence is discussed in the light of the differential trait divergence rate hypothesis. In both species, differences between major and minor forms concern the overall shape of head and pronotum: we suggest that such different forms, which likely reflect morphological readjustment to accommodate horns of considerable bulk and disproportionate length, may be nevertheless advantageously used by the two male morphs in their alternative reproductive tactics. Male genitalia sizes were virtually constant with respect to body size; however, the ratio between phallotheca and body size was significantly higher in minor males, in keeping with the hypothesis of a higher investment in genitalia borne by this morph.},
	keywords = {allometry, developmental investment, differentiation between species and morphs, external morphology, male genitalia, Sperm competition, {\textendash}},
	author = {Pizzo, A. and Mercurio, D. and Palestrini, Claudia and Roggero, A. and Rolando, Antonio}
}
