@article {1299,
	title = {Assesing sustainability indicators for tropical forests: Spatio-temporal heterogeneity, logging intensity, and dung beetles communities},
	journal = {Forest Ecology and Management},
	volume = {253},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {56-67},
	keywords = {Costa Rica, Criteria and indicators, Dung beetles, Structural heterogeneity, Sustainable management, Tropical forests},
	author = {Aguilar-Amuchastegui, N. and Henebry, Geoffrey M.}
}
@article {1864,
	title = {Biodiversity, conservation, and hotspots atlas of Costa Rica: a dung beetle perspective (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae)},
	journal = {Zootaxa},
	volume = {1457},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {1-34},
	abstract = {This paper is an analysis of the distribution of areas of high species richness and endemicity based on dung beetles living in the different Holdridge life-zones of Costa Rica by using a geographic information system (GIS).  Endemism was examined in relation to whether the species were shared with Nicaragua and/or Panama, or if they were strictly Costa Rican.  The species composition of dung beetle distributions in the sampling areas and life-zones was evaluated.  Species distribution was also analyzed in relation to altitudinal levels.  The species richness and endemicity maps served as a base for doing a gap analysis and defining four different levels of high priority conservation areas.  We also investigated what percentage of these priority areas is under some type of protection or conservation scheme and which of these areas should be enlarged.  Also considered is the feasibility that these areas under protection have for enlargement, considering possible problems and interactions with present land-use.  We include a list of all the recorded dung beetle species for Costa Rica, as well as their presence in the different Holdridge life-zones and their endemicity status.  This study clearly demonstrates the need to include insects in biodiversity-endemicity studies because different and more detailed results are obtained in relation to vertebrate and plant-based studies.},
	keywords = {biodiversity areas, Biodiversity atlas, conservation, Costa Rica, Dung beetles, endemism areas, gap analysis, Scarabaeinae},
	isbn = {1175-5326 print1175-5334},
	author = {Kohlmann, Bert and Solis, Angel and Elle, Ortwin and Soto, Xinia and Russo, Ricardo}
}
@article {2093,
	title = {Biogeography of the areas and Canthonini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) of dry tropical foress in Mesoamerica and Colombia},
	journal = {Acta Zoologica Mexicana (nueva serie)},
	volume = {23},
	number = {1},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {73-108},
	abstract = {This biogeographical analysis examines the historical, geological, climatic and ecological processes that have influenced the formation of the dry tropical forests (DTF) of Mesoamerica and Colombia, areas that are the setting for multiple biogeographical stories that in this case are illustrated by the patterns and evolutionary processes of Canthonini. In this study we test the hypothesis that the Canthonini fauna of dry tropical forests has a South American affinity. To this end, we compare extant species from a tract of dry tropical forest in Mexico, a second enclave in Costa Rica, four from the Caribbean region of Colombia and finally one from the north of Tolima in the Upper Magdalena River Valley, Colombia. The geomorphological characteristics of the enclaves of DTF are also compared, as are the geographical distribution and taxonomic affinities of each of the species found in these dry tropical forests. The biogeographical, historical and geological aspects of the enclaves were evaluated using a Parsimony Analysis of Endemicity (PAE), with two tropical rain forests as the outgroup: Leticia (Amazonas, Colombia) and Los Tuxtlas (Veracruz, Mexico). This study reveals the origin and distribution of Neotropical dry forests in the Pleistocene, and the establishment of its dry conditions during the Holocene. It also reveals apparent similarities among the Canthonini of the dry tropical forests of Mexico, Costa Rica and Colombia, with three geographical distribution patterns that correspond to different degrees of expansion towards the north and the diversification of evolutionary lines, and even species of South American origin. The comparison of the cladogram generated for species of Canthonini with that of the geological events that have occurred in the study regions indicates that the distribution of Canthonini in dry tropical forests began during the Pliocene with the re-establishment of the Panamanian connection, with no evidence of previous geomorphological events having any influence. On the other hand, there are few species shared with the tropical rain forests used as the outgroup for the cladograms. },
	keywords = {biogeographical patterns, Canthonini, Colombia, Costa Rica, dry tropical forest, Mexico, Scarabaeinae},
	author = {Padilla-Gil, Dora Nancy and Halffter, Gonzalo}
}
@article {2318,
	title = {Seed dispersal and defecation patterns of Cebus capucinus and Alouatta palliata: consequences for seed dispersal effectiveness},
	journal = {Journal of Tropical Ecology},
	volume = {20},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {535-543},
	abstract = {Primates are primary seed dispersers for many tropical tree species. Different species of primates vary considerably in ranging and feeding behaviour, seed processing, and in seed defecation patterns. Here we compare the role of two arboreal primate species, howlers (Alouatta palliata), and white-faced monkeys (Cebus capucinus) as seed dispersers in a tropical dry forest in Costa Rica. We found that Cebus produce smaller defecations, spend shorter times feeding per tree, have longer seed dispersal distances, and produce a more scattered pattern of seed deposition in the forest than Alouatta. In addition, Cebus moved more frequently between trees, and consumed fruits of more species than Alouatta. We examined the consequences of the contrasting defecation patterns produced by Cebus and Alouatta on the early seed fate of Acacia collinsii. We found that quantity, but not the identity (Cebus vs. Alouatta) of faecal material affected post-dispersal activity. Seeds in scattered faeces, sufficiently apart from each other (the common defecation pattern of white-faced monkeys), had higher short-term survival than seeds in clumped patterns of faeces (the pattern associated with Alouatta). },
	keywords = {Acacia collinsii, Alouatta palliata, Cebus capucinus, Costa Rica, defecation patterns, dispersal effectiveness, post-dispersal, primates, seed dispersal, seed removal, tropical dry forest},
	author = {Wehncke, Elisabet V. and Numa, Catherine and Dominguez, Cesar A.}
}
@article {2319,
	title = {Two-stage dispersal of Guarea glabra and G. kunthiana (Meliaceae) in Monteverde, Costa Rica},
	journal = {Journal of Tropical Ecology},
	volume = {15},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {481-496},
	keywords = {cloud forest, Costa Rica, germination, Guarea, scatterhoarding, secondary dispersal, seed predation},
	author = {Wenny, Daniel G.}
}
@article {1293,
	title = {Assesing sustainability indicators for tropical forests: Spatio-temporal heterogeneity, logging intensity, and dung beetles communities},
	journal = {Forest Ecology and Management},
	volume = {253},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {56-67},
	keywords = {Costa Rica, Criteria and indicators, Dung beetles, Structural heterogeneity, Sustainable management, Tropical forests},
	author = {Aguilar-Amuchastegui, N. and Henebry, Geoffrey M.}
}
