@article {1548,
	title = {The role of the subelytral cavity in water loss in the flightless dung beetle, Circellium bacchus (Coleoptera : Scarabaeinae)},
	journal = {European Journal Of Entomology},
	volume = {99},
	number = {2},
	year = {2002},
	note = {digital copy},
	pages = {253-258},
	abstract = {Circellium bacchus is a flightless telecoprid (ball-rolling) dung beetle, endemic to the afrotropical region, where it is found in a few restricted populations in the eastern Cape of South Africa. Its apterous condition and large size (mass ranges from 6 to 12 g) are considered to be adaptations to a semi-arid habitat. This beetle is active in the sun for long periods, walking between widely scattered dung pats, thus is under selection pressure to reduce water loss. C bacchus has eight spiracles on each side of the body. The metathoracic spiracle and six abdominal spiracles open into the sub-elytral cavity, which is closed. The mesothoracic spiracle is the largest and most exposed, occurring ventrally in the membrane connecting the prothorax and mesothorax. When at rest a cyclic form of respiration, known as discontinuous gas exchange cycle, is used by C. bacchus, releasing a burst of carbon dioxide approximately once an hour when the spiracles open for about 33 minutes. Flow-through respirometry was used to measure water loss from the thorax (being the head, prothorax and mesothorax) and elytral case (containing the metathorax and abdomen) separately. The total water loss of C. bacchus could be divided up as 65\% cuticular water loss from the thorax, 35\% cuticular water loss from the elytral case, 4\% respiratory water loss from the thorax and no measurable respiratory water loss from the elytral case. 1.51 mug of water is lost for every mul of CO2 emitted during respiration in the thorax. Thus, the main avenue for both respiration and respiratory water loss is via the mesothoracic spiracles, suggesting that the primary function of the subelytral cavity is not to reduce respiratory water loss.},
	keywords = {Circellium bacchus, desert tenebrionid beetles, discontinuous gas exchange cycle, Discontinuous gas-exchange, dung beetle, insects, patterns, physiology, respiration, Scarabaeidae, subelytral cavity, terrestrial, trait information, ventilation, water loss},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000177174200016 },
	author = {Duncan, F. D.}
}
@article {1574,
	title = {Effects of the attractiveness for dung beetles of dung pat origin and size along a climatic gradient},
	journal = {Environmental Entomology},
	volume = {33},
	number = {1},
	year = {2004},
	note = {digital copy},
	month = {Feb},
	pages = {45-53},
	abstract = {Dung beetle (Coleoptera:Geotrupidae, Scarabaeidae) assemblages were monitored by dung-baited pitfall trapping at three sites distributed along a bioclimatic gradient from semiarid to mesic temperate. For each type of dung, both small and large sized baits were used. Under semiarid conditions{\textquoteright}(Morocco), three dung beetle assemblages were distinguished: small bait assemblages in any dung; large cattle bait assemblages; large sheep bait assemblages. Under more temperate conditions (southern France and the Alps), only large and small bait assemblages were observed, whatever the origin of the dung. Large baits attracted significantly more species and more beetles than did small baits, and very few species were attracted significantly more by either sheep or goat baits than by cattle baits. A significant, positive correlation between dung beetle size and dung pat size was observed in Morocco where the large species are predominant, whereas a negative relationship was observed in southern France where the small species are predominant. Cattle pats were more attractive for beetles under xeric and Mediterranean conditions (Morocco and southern France) that under cold temperate conditions (Alps).},
	keywords = {aphodius, assemblage composition, ba, baited pitfall traps, cattle, COLEOPTERA, colonization, dung beetle, GUILD, IVERMECTIN, mammal, patterns, Scarabaeidae, Scarabaeoidea, scarabaeoidea col communities, spatial, trophic resource, variability},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000189311200006 },
	author = {Errouissi, F. and Haloti, S. and Jay-Robert, P. and Janati-Idrissi, A. and Lumaret, J. P.}
}
@article {2112,
	title = {Primary dispersal of seeds by primates and secondary dispersal by dung beetles in Tikal, Guatemala},
	journal = {Biotropica},
	volume = {38},
	number = {3},
	year = {2006},
	month = {May},
	pages = {390-397},
	abstract = {We linked primary dispersal by spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi) and howler monkeys (Alouatta pigra) to post-dispersal seed fate by studying the effects of dung type and defecation pattern on secondary seed dispersal by dung beetles. First, we described the defecation patterns for both primate species. Howler monkeys generally defecated in groups (88\% of observed defecations), with each individual producing on average 31 g of dung, resulting in a large area of the forest floor (31 m(2)) covered by large amounts of dung (clumped spatial pattern). Spider monkeys generally (96\% of observed defecations) defecated individually, each individual producing an average of 11 g of dung, resulting in a small area of the forest floor (2 m(2)) covered by small amounts of dung (scattered spatial pattern). Secondly, we captured dung beetles using as bait the dung of both primate species, to detect differences in the assemblages of these secondary seed dispersers attracted to the dung of both primates. More individual dung beetles, but not more species, were attracted to howler monkey dung than to spider monkey dung. Finally, we assessed experimentally (using plastic beads as seed mimics) how dung type (Ateles vs. Alouatta) and defecation pattern (scattered vs. clumped) affect secondary seed dispersal by dung beetles. We found that post-dispersal seed fate was affected by dung type, with more seeds being buried when present in howler monkey dung, than in spider monkey dung, but was not affected by defecation pattern. It is important to consider post-dispersal processes, such as secondary seed dispersal by dung beetles, when comparing species of primary dispersers.},
	keywords = {alouatta-palliata, Ateles, CEBUS-CAPUCINUS, DEFECATION, GERMINATION literature review function service seed dispersal mammal value, howler monkeys, los-tuxtlas, Mexico, patterns, Scarabaeidae, tropical rain-forest},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000236766500014 },
	author = {Ponce-Santizo, G. and Andresen, E. and Cano, E. and Cuaron, A. D.}
}
