@article {1499,
	title = {Climatic and biogeographical associations of Kenyan and northern Tanzanian dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)},
	journal = {African Journal of Ecology},
	volume = {31},
	number = {4},
	year = {1993},
	note = {1993ArticleEnglish},
	pages = {290-305},
	abstract = {The equatorial East African highlands were uplifted in the Pliocene, and together with the associated arid lowlands, they delimit several endemic climatic regions. They also form the eastern and northern limits, respectively, of climate types extending westwards across Central and West Africa and southwards into Southern Africa. This climatic convergence made East Africa an ideal area to survey for dung beetles (Scarabaeinae, Copinae) useful as control agents of dung-breeding flies in Australia where a similar range fox climatic regions occurs. Similarities in climatic range between the 104 species showing the broadest frequency distributions were determined using cluster analysis and depicted on a dendrogram. Three groups were defined at the 25\% level of similarity. One group comprised a single montane species endemic to East Africa. A second group (41 spp.) was numerically dominated by East Africa endemics and associated with endemic East African lowland and Southern African climate types. The third group (62 spp.) was primarily associated with upland climate types. Three upland subgroups, defined at the 43\% level of similarity, were dominated by East African endemics and were associated both with endemic East African highland and more broad-based climate types. A fourth subgroup was dominated by climate generalists showing widespread tropical and temperate biogeographical associations. Overall, the most common distribution patterns were East African endemism, range restricted to East and Southern Africa, and pan-African distribution. On the criterion of widespread distribution, about a third of the East African fauna was especially suitable for introduction into Austrailian for fly control.},
	keywords = {Biogeography- (Population-Studies), Climatology- (Environmental-Sciences), Digestive-System (Ingestion-and-Assimilation), Ecology- (Environmental-Sciences), Economic-Entomology, Pest-Assessment-Control-and-Management, Physiology-, Systematics-and-Taxonomy},
	author = {Davis, Adrian L. V. and Dewhurst, Charles F.}
}
@article {1780,
	title = {Shady field boundaries and the colonisation of dung by coprophagous beetles in Central American pastures},
	journal = {Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment},
	volume = {91},
	number = {1-3},
	year = {2002},
	note = {digital copy},
	month = {[print] Septembe},
	pages = {25-36},
	abstract = {This study examines how the shade from field boundaries may enhance dung decomposition in tropical pastures through its effects on coprophagous beetles. Between August 1995 and January 1998, beetles were collected using dung-baited pitfall traps at a cattle ranch in coastal El Salvador. Fifteen species were recorded throughout the study and, although some species were significantly associated with field boundaries, there were no species exclusive to the boundaries. Diurnal specialist open-field beetles arrived predominantly on the day of dung deposition whereas nocturnal generalist species colonised older dung (one species) or colonised dung for longer (three species) particularly, in the shade. The endocoprid Aphodiinae (two species) generally colonised dung that was 3-7 days old, at a time when activity of the larger paracoprid Coprini and Onthophagini had diminished. Deposition of dung in the shade of field boundaries extended the period during which it was suitable for colonisation, raising the average dung colonisation time by generalist species. The importance of shady field boundaries in dung beetle conservation and efficient dung decomposition in pasture ecosystems is discussed.},
	keywords = {Animalia-, Aphodiinae- (Coleoptera-), Aphodius-spp. (Coleoptera-), Arthropoda-, Ateuchus-rodriguezi (Coleoptera-), Canthon-in, Coleoptera-: Insecta-, Conservation-, Economic-Entomology, Environmental-Sciences), Invertebrata-, Terrestrial-Ecology (Ecology-},
	author = {Horgan, Finbarr G}
}
@article {1855,
	title = {The effect of the dung pad fauna on the emergence of Musca tempestiva (Dipt.: Muscidae) from dung pads in southern France},
	journal = {Entomophaga},
	volume = {37},
	number = {4},
	year = {1992},
	note = {Article-English disease ecology, parasite transmission, scarbaeinae, ecological function},
	month = {1992},
	pages = {507-514},
	abstract = {The emergence of Musca tempestiva Fallen, from cow pads in southern France was reduced by a mean of 98\% and 96\% respectively in nine experiments concluded in 1979 and 1981, by the action of the complete dung fauna. Fauna emerging from dung pads and captured in simultaneous trapping using dung baited pitfall traps consisted of 13 Dipterous species (9 Muscidae, 2-Sepsidae and 2 Sphaeroceridae), 25-Coleopterous species (7 Scarabaeidae, 1 Geotrupidae, 2 Aphodiidae, 3 Hydrophilidae, 12 Staphylinidae), 3 Hymenopterous parasites and 1 species of macrochelid and 2 species of parasitoid mites carried phoretically by the dung beetles. The total number of insects and mites per trap was usually small. The Staphylinidae which included 4 Aleochara species of which Aleochara tristits Gravenhorst and A. bipustulata (L.) are known parasitoids of Diptera pupae, and 6 predatory species, were the most abundant insects present. Whilst the overall abundance of insects and mites trapped was relatively low it is probable that the most important factor in the control of M. tempestiva was the combined influence of the different elements making up the dung pad fauna.},
	keywords = {Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Animalia-, Arthropoda-, Coleoptera-: Insecta-, Development-, Diptera-: Insecta-, Ecology- (Environmental-Sciences), Economic-Entomology, Invertebrata-, Parasitology-, Physiology-},
	author = {Kirk, A. A.}
}
@article {1644,
	title = {Biological control of horn fly (Haematobia irritans irritans) in Selviria, Mato Grosso do Sul State: 6. Population dynamics of fimicolous insects except for coprophagous Scarabaeidae},
	journal = {Revista Brasileira de Entomologia},
	volume = {39},
	number = {2},
	year = {1995},
	note = {hard copy in portuguese disease ecology, parasite transmission, scarbaeinae, ecological function},
	month = {1995},
	pages = {287-296},
	abstract = {Fimiculous insects associated with Guzera cattle were obtained by weekly dissection of dung pats of varying age, from January 1991 to January 1992, in Selviria, Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil. The main insect groups found were in the families Histeridae, Staphylinidae, Hymenoptera (mostly ants) and Isoptera. Histerid populations were greater on dung pats from the rainy season, while Staphylinidae and Hymenoptera and Isoptera were more frequenton dung pats during the dry season. Histeridae, Staphylinidae, Hymenoptera werefound mostly in older droppings, except for the oldest ones, where Isoptera were typically found.},
	keywords = {Animalia-, Arthropoda-, Coleoptera-: Insecta-, Digestive-System (Ingestion-and-Assimilation), Diptera-: Insecta-, Ecology- (Environmental-Sciences), Economic-Entomology, Inver, Invertebrata-, Pathology-, Pest-Assessment-Control-and-Management},
	author = {Flechtmann, Carlos Alberto Hector and Rodrigues, Sergio Roberto and Gaspareto, Celso Luiz}
}
@article {2044,
	title = {Invasion of Mexico by two dung beetles previously introduced into the United States},
	journal = {Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment},
	volume = {33},
	number = {1},
	year = {1998},
	note = {Using Smart Source ParsingArticleEnglish},
	pages = {37-45},
	abstract = {Following the Australian CSIRO strategies, the United States Department of Agriculture introduced several dung beetle species as a biological control to decrease the dung accumulation and proliferation of different pest fly species therein. Of these, two species have been very successful: Digitonthophagus gazella and Euoniticellus intermedius. They have expanded from their release sites in the United States, and quickly invaded Mexican territory and dispersed rapidly. Here we report on 27 new capture sites in several Mexican states from 1994 to 1996 and discuss invasion routes as well as ecological conditions.},
	keywords = {Animalia-, Arthropoda-, Coleoptera-: Insecta-, Digitonthophagus-gazella (Coleoptera-): Scaraca, Diptera-: Insecta-, Economic-Entomology, flies- (Diptera-): pest-, Invertebrata-, Pest-Assessment-Control-and-Management},
	author = {Montes de Oca, Enrique and Halffter, Gonzalo}
}
