@article {1323,
	title = {Possible Indirect Effects of Mammal Hunting on Dung Beetle Assemblages in Panama.},
	journal = {Biotropica},
	volume = {39},
	number = {1},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {141-146},
	keywords = {dung beetle, hunting, mammals, Panama, rain forest, Scarabaeidae},
	url = {http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1744-7429.2006.00239.x},
	author = {Andresen, Ellen and Laurance, Susan G. W.}
}
@article {1324,
	title = {Effects of dung and seed size on secondary dispersal, seed predation, and seedling establishment of rain forest trees},
	journal = {Oecologia},
	volume = {139},
	number = {1},
	year = {2004},
	note = {801LKOECOLOGIA},
	month = {Mar},
	pages = {45-54},
	abstract = {Seeds dispersed by tropical, arboreal mammals are usually deposited singly and without dung or in clumps of fecal material. After dispersal through defecation by mammals, most seeds are secondarily dispersed by dung beetles or consumed by rodents. These post-dispersal, plant-animal interactions are likely to interact themselves, as seeds buried by dung beetles are less likely to be found by rodents than unburied seeds. In a series of three experiments with seeds of 15 species in central Amazonia (Brazil), we determined (1) how presence and amount of dung associated with seeds influences long-term seed fate and seedling establishment, (2) how deeply dung beetles bury seeds and how burial depth affects seedling establishment, and (3) how seed size affects the interaction between seeds, dung beetles, and rodents. Our overall goal was to understand how post-dispersal plant-animal interactions determine the link between primary seed dispersal and seedling establishment. On average, 43\% of seeds surrounded by dung were buried by dung beetles, compared to 0\% of seeds not surrounded by dung (n=2,156). Seeds in dung, however, tended to be more prone than bare seeds to predation by rodents. Of seeds in dung, probability of burial was negatively related to seed size and positively related to amount of dung. Burial of seeds decreased the probability of seed predation by rodents three-fold, and increased the probability of seedling establishment two-fold. Mean burial depth was 4 cm (0.5-20 cm) and was not related to seed size, contrary to previous studies. Probability of seedling establishment was negatively correlated with burial depth and not related to seed size at 5 or 10 cm depths. These results illustrate a complex web of interactions among dung beetles, rodents, and dispersed seeds. These interactions affect the probability of seedling establishment and are themselves strongly tied to how seeds are deposited by primary dispersers. More generally, our results emphasize the importance of looking beyond a single type of plant-animal interaction (e.g., seed dispersal or seed predation) to incorporate potential effects of interacting interactions.},
	keywords = {alouatta-palliata, beetles scarabaeidae, Central Amazonia, communities, ecology, fate, horse dung, howler monkeys, los-, plant, plant-animal interactions, rain forest, recruitment, seed, tuxtlas},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000220097200006},
	author = {Andresen, Ellen and Levey, Douglas J.}
}
@article {1477,
	title = {A dung beetle that feeds on fig: implications for the measurement of species rarity},
	journal = {Journal of Tropical Ecology},
	volume = {13},
	number = {5},
	year = {1997},
	note = {5YC710J TROP ECOL},
	month = {Sep},
	pages = {759-766},
	keywords = {abundance, birds, body length, Danum Valley, danum-valley, dispersal, dung beetle, feeding specialization, Ficus, fig, lowland dipterocarp forest, malaysia, number, pollinator, rain forest, rain-forest, rarity, specificity},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1997YC71000008},
	author = {Davis, A. J. and Sutton, S. L.}
}
@article {1611,
	title = {Effects of Dung Beetles (Scarabaeidae) on Seeds Dispersed by Howler Monkeys (Alouatta seniculus) in the French Guianan Rain Forest},
	journal = {Journal of Tropical Ecology},
	volume = {15},
	number = {2},
	year = {1999},
	note = {TY  - JOURM1  - Article type: Full Length Article / Full publication date: Mar., 1999 (199903). / Copyright 1999 Cambridge University Press},
	month = {1999/03},
	pages = {129-142},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	abstract = {The dispersal of seeds by howler monkeys (Alouatta seniculus) and the role of dung beetles in determining the fate of the dispersed seeds were studied at Nouragues Station, French Guiana, during three 2-mo periods (April-May, 1995-97). Howler monkeys were observed to disperse seeds of 47 plant species. Monkey dung attracted 57 species of dung beetles (Scarabaeidae), including tunnellers (maximum size 37 mm) and ball rollers (12.6 mm). The rate of seed burial was negatively correlated with seed size (10 plant species) and positively correlated with dung beetle size (six species of tunnellers). More than 80\% of small seeds (< 5 mm) and 30\% of large seeds (22 mm), were buried by the largest tunnellers. Dung beetles buried 13 to 23\% of seeds ranging 8-13 mm in width. The maximum average depth of burial was 28 cm and varied according to the species of dung beetle. The rate of disappearance of large dung clumps varied during the day and was completed by nocturnal dung beetles. Seeds of Chrysophyllum lucentifolium (Sapotaceae) buried at 5 and 10 cm depths did not suffer predation, but showed low germination success compared to seeds left at the soil surface. Dung beetles affected the survival and distribution of a portion of the seeds dispersed by monkeys, and their relative importance in shaping seed fate depended on seed and beetle size.},
	keywords = {Alouatta seniculus, Dung beetles, French Guiana, rain forest, Scarabaeidae, seed dispersal},
	isbn = {0266-4674},
	url = {http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0266-4674\%28199903\%2915\%3A2\%3C129\%3AEODB\%28O\%3E2.0.CO\%3B2-O},
	author = {Feer, Francois}
}
