@article {1465,
	title = {The effects of rainforest canopy loss on arboreal dung beetles in Borneo: implications for the measurement of biodiversity in derived tropical ecosystems},
	journal = {Diversity and Distributions},
	volume = {4},
	year = {1998},
	note = {have a copy},
	pages = {167-173},
	keywords = {canopy (biological conservation 2007), logging, modification, Scarabaeidae, species richness},
	author = {Davis, Andrew and Sutton, Stephen}
}
@article {1478,
	title = {The effects of rainforest canopy loss on arboreal dung beetles in Borneo: implications for the measurement of biodiversity in derived tropical ecosystems},
	journal = {Diversity and Distributions},
	volume = {4},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {167-173},
	keywords = {ainforest canopy, arthropods, diversit, Dung beetles, selectiv logging, species richness},
	author = {Davis, A. J. and Sutton, S. L.}
}
@article {1750,
	title = {Patterns of animal diversity in different forms of tree cover in agricultural landscapes},
	journal = {Ecological Applications},
	volume = {16},
	number = {5},
	year = {2006},
	note = {Times Cited: 0 disease ecology, parasite transmission, scarbaeinae, ecological function},
	month = {Oct},
	pages = {1986-1999},
	abstract = {As tropical regions are converted to agriculture, conservation of biodiversity will depend not only on the maintenance of protected forest areas, but also on the scope for conservation within the agricultural matrix in which they are embedded. Tree cover typically retained in agricultural landscapes in the neotropics may provide resources and habitats for animals, but little is known about the extent to which it contributes to conservation of animal species. Here, we explore the animal diversity associated with different forms of tree cover for birds, bats, butterflies, and dung beetles in a pastoral landscape in Nicaragua. We measured species richness and abundance of these four animal taxa in riparian and secondary forest, forest fallows, live fences, and pastures with high and low tree cover. We recorded over 20000 individuals of 189 species including 14 endangered bird species. Mean abundance and species richness of birds and bats, but not dung beetles or butterflies, were significantly different among forms of tree cover. Species richness of bats and birds was positively correlated with tree species richness. While the greatest numbers of bird species were associated with riparian and secondary forest, forest fallows, and pastures with > 15\% tree cover, the greatest numbers of bat species were found in live fences and riparian forest: Species assemblages of all animal taxa were different among tree cover types, so that maintaining a diversity of forms of tree cover led to conservation of more animal species in the landscape as a whole. Overall, the findings indicate that retaining tree cover within agricultural landscapes can help conserve animal diversity, but that conservation efforts need to target forms of tree cover that conserve the taxa that are of interest locally. Preventing the degradation of remaining forest fragments is a priority, but encouraging farmers to maintain tree cover in pastures and along boundaries may also make an important contribution to animal conservation.},
	keywords = {agricultural matrix, and dung beetle diversity, bat, BAT SPECIES RICHNESS, biodiversity assessment, bird, butterfly, farming systems, fences, forest fragments, live, N, Nicaragua, riparian forests, species richness, trees in pastures, tropical rain-forest},
	isbn = {1051-0761},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000241362400032 },
	author = {Harvey, C. A. and Medina, A. and Sanchez, D. M. and Vilchez, S. and Hernandez, B. and Saenz, J. C. and Maes, J. M. and Casanoves, F. and Sinclair, F. L.}
}
@article {1783,
	title = {Aggregation and coexistence of dung beetles in montane rain forest in deforested siters in central Peru},
	journal = {Journal of Tropical Ecology},
	volume = {22},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {359-370},
	abstract = {The {\textquoteleft}aggregation model of coexistence{\textquoteright} predicts that a strong and independent aggregation of species across ephemeral resource patches promotes species coexistence and maintains diversity. This study examines the role of aggregation in maintaining tropical dung beetle diversity and the effects of deforestation on aggregation patterns and diversity loss. Using clusters of pitfall traps, dung beetle aggregation was quantified in natural and disturbed habitat at nested temporal and spatial scales in central Peru. The results indicate that dung was colonized by a greater number of species, many of which were large, leading to a higher total beetle biomass in forest habitat than in deforested, farm habitat. Beetles were intraspecifically aggregated at each spatial scale examined. Habitat-type (forest/deforested) had no effect on the intensity of intra- or interspecific aggregation. Analyses of aggregation patterns revealed that dung beetle assemblages in forest habitat were generally saturated whereas in deforested habitat they were unsaturated. In general, interspecific aggregation was too weak relative to intraspecific aggregation to explain the high diversity of species in forest habitat. Other mechanisms, including resource partitioning are likely to play a greater role in maintaining the diversity of dung beetle assemblages in the region. These results also indicate that the loss of species from disturbed habitat has not been due to a breakdown in the aggregation mechanism. },
	keywords = {Aggregation model, biodiversity, biomass, coexistence, community structure, deforestation, habitat change, Peru, Scarabaeidae, species richness},
	author = {Horgan, Finbarr G}
}
@article {1929,
	title = {Los escarabeidos y geotrupidos de la comunidad de Madrid: lista de especies, distribucion geografica y patrones de diversidad (Coleoptera, Scarabaeoidea, Scarabaeidae y Geotrupidae},
	journal = {Graellsia},
	volume = {62},
	number = {numero ext},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {419-438},
	abstract = {In this work we summarize the main characteristics of Geotrupidae and Scarabaeidae (Coleoptera, Scarabaeoidea) fauna inhabiting Comunidad de Madrid, including an upda- ted checklist of species as well as maps representing the observed and potential distri- butions of all species. Geographical variation in species richness, rarity or endemicity was also estimated, with a brief discussion on the geographical pattern obtained. },
	keywords = {checklist, Comunidad de Madrid, Dung beetles, endemicity, Geotrupidae, Iberian Peninsula, rarity, Scarabaeidae, Species distribution, species richness},
	author = {Lobo, Jorge M. and Hortal, Joaquin}
}
@article {1934,
	title = {Modelling the species richness distribution of French dung beetles (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae) and delimiting the predictive capacity of different groups of explanatory variables},
	journal = {Global Ecology and Biogeography},
	volume = {11},
	number = {4},
	year = {2002},
	month = {Jul},
	pages = {265-277},
	abstract = {Aim To predict French Scarabaeidae dung beetle species richness distribution, and to determine the possible underlying causal factors. Location The entire French territory has been studied by dividing it into 301 grid cells of 0.72 x 0.36 degrees. Method Species richness distribution was predicted using generalized linear models to relate the number of species with spatial, topographic and climate variables in grid squares previously identified as well sampled (n = 66). The predictive function includes the curvilinear relationship between variables, interaction terms and the significant third-degree polynomial terms of latitude and longitude. The final model was validated by a jack-knife procedure. The underlying causal factors were investigated by partial regression analysis, decomposing the variation in species richness among spatial, topographic and climate type variables. Results The final model accounts for 86.2\% of total deviance, with a mean jack-knife predictive error of 17.7\%. The species richness map obtained highlights the Mediterranean as the region richest in species, and the less well-explored south-western region as also being species-rich. The largest fraction of variability (38\%) in the number of species is accounted for by the combined effect of the three groups of explanatory variables. The spatially structured climate component explains 21\% of variation, while the pure climate and pure spatial components explain 14\% and 11\%, respectively. The effect of topography was negligible. Conclusions Delimiting the adequately inventoried areas and elaborating forecasting models using simple environmental variables can rapidly produce an estimate of the species richness distribution. Scarabaeidae species richness distribution seems to be mainly influenced by temperature. Minimum mean temperature is the most influential variable on a local scale, while maximum and mean temperature are the most important spatially structured variables. We suggest that species richness variation is mainly conditioned by the failure of many species to go beyond determined temperature range limits.},
	keywords = {auto, biodiversity, conservation biology, determinants, diversity, Dung beetles, environmental components, France, modelling distributions, northern finland, patterns, scale, species richness, species richness distribution, variance partitioning, wildlife},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000176648100001},
	author = {Lobo, J. M. and Lumaret, J. P. and Jay-Robert, P.}
}
@article {1975,
	title = {Area networks for conserving Iberian insects: a case study of dung beetles (Col., Scarabaeoidea)},
	journal = {Journal of Insect Conservation},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {233-252},
	abstract = {Possibilities to create an efficient network of areas for the conservation of Iberian dung-beetle biodiversity were investigated. Data were taken from {\textquoteleft}BANDASCA{\textquoteright}, a 15,740 record dung-beetle database with information for 101,996 specimens. The greatest species richness and phylogenetic diversity are found in the Iberian Central System cordilleras, while those of range-size rarity are in the southernmost corner of the Iberian Peninsula and in the coastal plains of the Guadalquivir basin. Additionally, broad regional score trends of these variables reach a maximum in a smaller northeastern, and a larger southeastern region (Baetic and sub-Baetic mountains). Major Central and Southern Spain dung-beetle hotspots contain many of the UTM grid cells which delimit the near-minimum-set of areas hosting maximum dung-beetle biodiversity scores. They are viewed as the nucleus of a potential network of reserves. A UTM grid cell (30TXK1) where Onthophagus albarracinus, an endemic and demographically rare species inhabits the Sierra of Albarrac ́{\i}n and {\textquoteleft}Montes Universales{\textquoteright}, was detected as an irreplaceable area. Because of recent land use changes and rapid human-induced habitat transformation threatening dung-beetle fauna, caution should be taken not to recommend an in memoriam network of areas no longer hosting a fauna extinct today. The abandoning of traditional herding management in Europe threatens the preservation of grasslands where dung- feeding beetles play a major ecological role in maintaining pasture quality and livestock health. A return to more traditional herding methods would require stable dung-beetle populations. Any insect conservation planning in Spain would benefit from more biogeographical information for other insect groups. },
	keywords = {hotspots network, Iberian dung-feeding beetles, phylogenetic diversity, rarity, species richness},
	author = {Martin-Piera, Fermin}
}
@article {2002,
	title = {The verification and application of bioindicators: a case study of dung beetles in a savanna ecosystem},
	journal = {Journal of Applied Ecology},
	volume = {39},
	number = {4},
	year = {2002},
	note = {Times Cited: 1Cited Reference Count: 50Cited References:      ANDERSEN AN, 2002, J APPL ECOL, V39, P8     BALMFORD A, 1996, P ROY SOC LOND B BIO, V263, P1571     BROWN JH, 1984, AM NAT, V124, P255     BULMER MG, 1979, PRINCIPLES STAT     CARO TM, 1999, CONSERV BIOL, V13, P805     COLLETT D, 1991, MODELLING BINARY DAT     COLWELL RK, 2000, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V15, P70     COUSINS SH, 1991, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V6, P190     DAVIS AJ, 2001, J APPL ECOL, V38, P593     DAVIS ALV, 1997, AFR J ECOL, V35, P10     DAVIS ALV, 1994, J NAT HIST, V28, P383     DEMPSTER JP, 1998, INSECT POPULATIONS T     DIAMOND JM, 1975, ECOLOGY EVOLUTION CO, P342     DOUBE BM, 1983, B ENTOMOL RES, V73, P357     DOUBE BM, 1987, ORG COMMUNITIES PAST, P255     DUFRENE M, 1997, ECOL MONOGR, V67, P345     ERHARDT A, 1991, CONSERVATION INSECTS, P213     FAVILA ME, 1997, ACTA ZOOLOGICA MEXIC, V72, P1     GASTON KJ, 1997, J ANIM ECOL, V66, P579     GASTON KJ, 1994, RARITY     GREENSLADE PJM, 1983, AM NAT, V122, P352     HILTY J, 2000, BIOL CONSERV, V92, P185     JENKINS DW, 1971, MANS IMPACT TERRESTR, P351     KENT M, 1997, PROG PHYS GEOG, V21, P315     KINGSOLVER JG, 1989, PHYSIOL ZOOL, V62, P314     KITCHING RL, 2000, J APPL ECOL, V37, P284     KLEIN BC, 1989, ECOLOGY, V70, P1715     KREMEN C, 1994, CONSERV BIOL, V8, P388     LUFF ML, 1995, INSECTS CHANGING ENV, P400     LYONS SK, 1997, OIKOS, V79, P568     MAJER JD, 1998, J APPL ECOL, V35, P161     MCCULLAGH P, 1989, GEN LINEAR MODELS     MCGEOCH MA, 1998, BIOL REV, V73, P181     MCGEOCH MA, 1998, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V13, P46     NOSS RF, 1990, CONSERV BIOL, V4, P355     RABINOWITZ D, 1981, BIOL ASPECTS RARE PL, P205     SOUTHWOOD TRE, 1977, J ANIM ECOL, V46, P337     SPECTOR S, 1998, CONSERVATION CHANGIN, P181     STEENKAMP HE, 1996, BIOL CONSERV, V78, P305     TAUBER MJ, 1998, ENVIRON ENTOMOL, V27, P523     THOMSON JD, 1996, ECOLOGY, V77, P1698     VANRENSBURG BJ, 1999, BIOL CONSERV, V88, P145     VANRENSBURG BJ, 2000, ECOLOGY, V81, P3163     VANRENSBURG BJ, 2000, J BIOGEOGR, V27, P1385     VANSTRAALEN NM, 1997, J APPL ECOL, V34, P217     VANWYK AE, 1996, BIODIVERSITY AFRICAN, P198     WEATHERLEY NS, 1990, J APPL ECOL, V27, P952     WEAVER JC, 1995, CONSERV BIOL, V9, P939     WILLIAMS KA, 1986, OECOLOGIA, V70, P362     WOLDA H, 1988, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V19, P1EnglishArticle580UTJ APPL ECOL},
	month = {Aug},
	pages = {661-672},
	abstract = {1.Bioindicators of habitat quality and environmental change must be identified quantitatively and tested independently to confirm their usefulness. We used the indicator value (IndVal ) method, which combines measures of habitat fidelity and specificity, to assess the indicator responses of dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in Tembe Elephant Park, South Africa. The indicator responses were verified by sampling in different areas of the Park, 2 years after the responses were originally quantified. 2. We postulated that terrestrial insect indicators with different combinations of habitat specificity and fidelity might fulfil different indicator roles. Indicator species with strong habitat specificity (characteristic species) are unlikely to provide information on the direction of ecological change despite high vulnerability. Rather, detector species that span a range of ecological states are likely to be better in this role. We used IndVal for selecting such detector species that indicate the direction of ecological change. 3. Sets of species were found to be robust bioindicators, i.e. reliably characteristic across the habitat of which they were indicative. The suite of indicators was refined by discarding those with IndVal s that varied significantly across years, thus improving the confidence in the final suite of species selected. By clearly responding to a change in habitat between two ecological states, detector species provided information complementary to that provided by characteristic species. 4. The IndVal method enabled both the identification and testing of indicator (characteristic and detector) species. Because of its resilience to changes in abundance, IndVal is a particularly effective tool for ecological bioindication. 5. We conclude that both characteristic and detector species are useful bioindicators of habitat quality and conversion. We propose that bioindicators that are categorized and verified in this way will have valuable application in the monitoring of habitat integrity.},
	keywords = {assemblages, bioindication, COLEOPTERA, conservation, detector species, habitat, habitat specificity, indicator species, indicators, range size, Scarabaeidae, SELECTION, south-africa, species richness, transformation},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000177255000011},
	author = {McGeoch, M. A. and Van Rensburg, B. J. and Botes, A.}
}
@article {2155,
	title = {Effect of elevation and type of habitat on the abundance and diversity of Scarabaeoid dung beetle (Scarabaeoidea) assemblages in a Mediterranean area from Southern Iberian Peninsula},
	journal = {Zoological Studies},
	volume = {39},
	number = {4},
	year = {2000},
	note = {Times Cited: 0Cited Reference Count: 42Cited References:      ANDERSON JM, 1974, OECOLOGIA BERLIN, V14, P111     AVILA JM, 1988, ACT 3 C IB ENT, P715     BEGON M, 1986, ECOLOGY INDIVIDUALS     CAMBEFORT Y, 1991, DUNG BEETLE ECOLOGY, P36     CODY ML, 1993, SPECIES DIVERSITY EC, P147     COLWELL RK, 1994, AM NAT, V144, P570     COLWELL RK, 1997, ESTIMATES STAT STIMU     DELLACASA G, 1983, MUS REG SCI NAT MONO, V1, P1     DESIERE M, 1987, THESIS U LIEJA BELGI     GASTON KJ, 1996, BIODIVERSITY BIOL NU, P77     GILLER PS, 1994, J ANIM ECOL, V63, P629     GOMEZMERCADO F, 1988, MAPA VEGETACION SIER     HALFFTER G, 1998, BIOL INT, V36, P3     HANSKI I, 1987, 26 S BRIT EC SOC, P155     HIRSCHBERGER P, 1994, PEDOBIOLOGIA, V38, P375     KOSKELA H, 1977, ANN ZOOL FENN, V14, P204     KOSKELA H, 1972, ANN ZOOL FENN, V9, P156     LANDIN J, 1967, OPUSC ENTOMOL, V32, P207     LAWTON JH, 1987, J ANIM ECOL, V56, P147     LOBO JM, 1991, ELYTRON, V5, P257     LOBO JM, 1998, PEDOBIOLOGIA, V42, P252     LOBO JM, 1988, REV ECOL BIOL SOL, V25, P77     LUMARET JP, 1983, B SOC ENTOMOL FR, V88, P481     MACARTHUR RH, 1972, GEGRAPHICAL ECOLOGY     MAGURRAN AE, 1988, ECOLOGICAL DIVERSITY     MARTINPIERA F, 1984, EOS, V60, P101     MCCOY ED, 1990, OIKOS, V58, P313     MEDINA J, 1992, JUNTA ANDALUCIA, P18     MENENDEZ R, 1996, ECOGRAPHY, V19, P313     MOHR CO, 1943, ECOL MONOGR, V13, P275     MUNOZ A, 1992, JUNTA ANDALUCIA, P84     POTVIN C, 1993, ECOLOGY, V74, P1617     RAHBEK C, 1995, ECOGRAPHY, V18, P200     RIDSDILLSMITH J, 1991, REPROD BEHAV INSECTS, P264     ROMEROALCARAZ E, 1998, ZOOL BAETICA, V9, P47     SANCHEZPINERO F, 1991, EOS REV ESP ENTOMOL, V67, P23     SANDOVAL P, 1991, B MUS REG SCI NAT TO, V9, P375     SHANNON CE, 1949, MATH THEORY COMMUNIC     SOWIG P, 1994, ZOOL JB SYST, V121, P171     STEVENS GC, 1992, AM NAT, V140, P893     VEIGA CM, 1989, REV ECOL BIOL SOL, V26, P91     WIENS JA, 1981, ECOL MONOGR, V51, P21EnglishArticle381TXZOOL STUD},
	month = {Oct},
	pages = {351-359},
	abstract = {Elevation and habitat type are often important factors influencing insect communities. We used dung-baited pitfall traps to test the effect of both elevation and habitat type on scarabaeoid dung beetle communities in Sierra de Baza (southeastern Iberian Peninsula). Habitat selection of species and variations of diversity in the assemblages according to habitat type and elevation were quantified. Both abundance and diversity were positively correlated with elevation, and habitat type was also relevant in structuring the assemblage. Similarities among assemblages in different biotopes were generally low, especially between closed habitats and open habitats, the latter showing higher abundance and diversity. Most species were less abundant in closed habitats, but some generalist species showed no habitat selection. We conclude that, although open habitats appear more adequate for dung beetles, the existence of different patterns within the assemblage probably reflects the importance of maintaining a high landscape heterogeneity in order to preserve dung beetle biodiversity.},
	keywords = {altitude, Aphodiidae, baited pitfall traps, col communities, dung beetle biodiversity, effect, elevational, gradients, habitat selection, Scarabaeidae, species richness},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000165780500009},
	author = {Romero-Alcaraz, E. and Avila, J. M.}
}
@article {2218,
	title = {Biogeographic crossroads as priority areas for biodiversity conservation},
	journal = {Conservation Biology},
	volume = {16},
	number = {6},
	year = {2002},
	note = {Times Cited: 0Cited Reference Count: 61Cited References:      BALMFORD A, 1995, CONSERV BIOL, V9, P1539     BATES JM, 1998, BIOL ASSESSMENT PARQ, P112     BROOKS DR, 1992, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V7, P55     BROOKS T, 2000, NATURE, V403, P26     BROWN JH, 1984, AM NAT, V124, P255     BROWN JH, 1995, MACROECOLOGY     CHANNELL R, 2000, NATURE, V403, P84     DALLMEIER F, 1996, MANU DIVERSITY SE PE, P61     DAVIS FW, 1996, BIOSCIENCE, V46, P74     DINERSTEIN E, 1995, CONSERVATION ASSESSM     EDMONDS WD, 1994, REVISION PHANAEUS MA     EDMONDS WD, 1972, U KANSAS SCI B, V49, P731     EMMONS LH, 1998, BIOL ASSESSMENT PARQ, P129     ENSERINK M, 1997, SCIENCE, V276, P1791     ERWIN TL, 1996, MANU BIODIVERSITY SE, P359     ERWIN TL, 1991, SCIENCE, V253, P750     FELGER RS, 1994, BIODIVERSITY MANAGEM, P36     FJELDSA J, 1997, TROPICAL FOREST REMN, P466     FOREMAN D, 2000, WILD EARTH SPR, P11     FORSYTH AB, 1998, BIOL ASSESSMENT PARQ, P181     FREITAG S, 1997, BIOL CONSERV, V82, P263     HALFFTER G, 1993, BIOL INT, V27, P15     HANSKI I, 1991, DUNG BEETLE ECOLOGY     HARVEY MB, 1998, BIOL ASSESSMENT PARQ, P144     HOLDRIDGE LR, 1967, LIFE ZONE ECOLOGY     JOHNSON N, 1995, BIODIVERSITY BALANCE     KERR JT, 1997, CONSERV BIOL, V11, P1094     KILLEEN TJ, 1998, BIOL ASSESSMENT PARQ, P61     KITCHING IJ, 1996, BIODIVERS CONSERV, V5, P841     KREMEN C, 1993, CONSERV BIOL, V7, P796     LOMOLINO MV, 1998, CONSERV BIOL, V12, P481     LOMOLINO MV, 1995, J MAMMAL, V76, P335     MARGULES CR, 2000, NATURE, V405, P243     MAYR E, 1963, ANIMAL SPECIES EVOLU     MCKENZIE NL, 1989, BIOL CONSERV, V50, P231     MITTERMEIER RA, 1998, CONSERV BIOL, V12, P516     MYERS N, 2000, NATURE, V403, P853     OLIVER I, 1998, CONSERV BIOL, V12, P822     OLSON DM, 1998, CONSERV BIOL, V12, P502     PEARSON DL, 1992, CONSERV BIOL, V6, P376     PEARSON DL, 1999, J BIOGEOGR, V26, P1079     POGUE MG, 1996, MANU BIODIVERSITY SE, P313     PRENDERGAST JR, 1999, CONSERV BIOL, V13, P484     PRENDERGAST JR, 1997, ECOGRAPHY, V20, P210     PRENDERGAST JR, 1993, NATURE, V365, P335     PRESSEY RL, 1993, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V8, P124     REID WV, 1998, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V13, P275     REMSEN V, 1995, BIRD CONSERV INT, V5, P181     RICKETTS TH, 1999, BIOSCIENCE, V49, P369     RODRIGUES ASL, 1999, P ROY SOC LOND B BIO, V266, P1453     ROTHLEY KD, 1999, ECOL APPL, V9, P741     SARMIENTO J, 1998, BIOL ASSESSMENT PARQ, P167     SCHNEIDER CJ, 1999, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V96, P13869     SMITH TB, 1997, SCIENCE, V276, P1855     SPECTOR S, 1998, CONSERVATION CHANGIN, P181     VANEWRIGHT RI, 1991, BIOL CONSERV, V55, P235     WARSHALL P, 1994, BIODIVERSITY MANAGEM, P408     WHITTAKER RH, 1972, TAXON, V21, P213     WIKRAMANAYAKE E, 1998, BIODIVERSITY ASSESSM     WILLIAMS P, 1996, CONSERV BIOL, V10, P155     WILLIAMS PH, 1996, BIOL J LINN SOC, V58, P125EnglishArticle618LTCONSERV BIOL},
	month = {Dec},
	pages = {1480-1487},
	abstract = {Threats to biodiversity outpace the resources of the conservation community and necessitate careful prioritization of conservation actions. I suggest that targeting the regions where biogeographic assemblages intersect - " biogeographic crossroads" - is a strategy that may achieve significant conservation economy by focusing on areas that satisfy many conservation criteria. I used a combination of data on Scarabaeine beetles in Bolivia and on other taxa and locations from the literature to consider the short- and long-term benefits of conserving these biogeographic crossroads. Biogeographic crossroads are areas of high species richness and beta diversity, often across many taxonomic groups. They are also regions where representativeness can be achieved with relative efficiency. Recent evidence that ecotones may be loci of evolution suggests that evolutionary processes such as speciation and coevolution may be conserved at biogeographic crossroads. Biogeographic crossroads appear to be areas of high conservation priority and opportunity in both the short and long term and require increased attention in the process of setting conservation priorities.},
	keywords = {assemblages, complementary areas, congruence, diversity, forest, hotspots, patterns, species richness, strategies, tiger beetles},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000179420100009},
	author = {Spector, S.}
}
@article {2312,
	title = {Community convergence in disturbed subtropical dune forests},
	journal = {Ecology},
	volume = {86},
	number = {3},
	year = {2005},
	month = {Mar},
	pages = {655-666},
	abstract = {Do communities return to their former state when we disturb them? The answer is "surely not always," since some disturbances may be so devastating that recovery will be impossible. If communities do recover, then how fast is that recovery? Do different subsets of species return at the same rate? Is that rate a simple exponential recovery-meaning that the change toward the original state is fastest when the community is furthest away and it slows as the community converges? Or is recovery a more dynamically complex process? These questions are theoretically interesting and practically important. The theoretical questions are if there is a particular state-some exact composition-to which a community is likely to return, if there might be several (or many) possible such states, or if community composition is essentially haphazard. The practical implication is that if disturbed ecological communities do not tend to return to a previous state, it may be impossible to undo human impacts on natural ecosystems. We follow the fate of species assemblages following the removal of vegetation for mining. We chow that these assemblages in restored subtropical coastal dune forests in South Africa do converge with a regional equilibrium state and that convergence is possible within a reasonable period. However, changes in assemblages from different trophic levels were idiosyncratic: convergence in the dung beetle assemblage did not mimic convergence for trees and birds, for example. Few of the assemblages converged exponentially, the simplest shape for the decay function. Furthermore, trends were sometimes different for different indices of community dissimilarity, suggesting that whether one accepts convergence depends, in part, on exactly what one measures.},
	keywords = {assemblages, coastal dune forests, community organization, convergence, div, dynamics, ecological communities, ecological restoration, mining, Rehabilitating coastal dunes, resilience, richards bay, south africa, south-africa, species richness, succession},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000227659700015 },
	author = {Wassenaar, T. D. and Van Aarde, R. J. and Pimm, S. L. and Ferreira, S. M.}
}
