@article {1312,
	title = {Seed dispersal by monkeys and the fate of dispersed seeds in a Peruvian rain forest},
	journal = {Biotropica},
	volume = {31},
	number = {1},
	year = {1999},
	month = {Mar},
	pages = {145-158},
	keywords = {Alouatta, Ateles, Dung beetles, secondary dispersal, seed dispersal, seed fate, seed predation},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000079672600014},
	author = {Andresen, Ellen}
}
@article {1412,
	title = {The action of post-dispersal beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) and ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) on scats of Didelphis spp. (Mammalia: Didelphidae)},
	journal = {Revista de Biologia Tropical},
	volume = {54},
	number = {4},
	year = {2006},
	month = {Dec},
	pages = {1197-1203},
	abstract = {A two year study of dung beetles and ants acting on scats of two species of opossum (Didelphis spp.) was carried out. Scats were left in the field in order to detect post-dispersal agents. A portion of each scat (30 \%) was examined for seeds in the laboratory. Beetles were recovered from burrows (51 \% of 84 faecal samples left in the field) where they either buried scats of opossums or were attracted, together with ants, to pitfalls (N= 10) baited with opossum scats. Dung beetles were the main post-dispersal agents of seeds found in scats of opossums, rolling the scats away or burying then on the site of deposition. They buried faeces at 4 to 15 cm in depth (N= 22 tunnels). The main dung beetles identified (medium to large size) were Eurysternus (28.7 \% in pitfalls) and Dichotomius (13.7 \%), Coprophanaeus (seen only directly on faeces), besides small-bodied beetles (<10 mm; 57.6 \%). The ant Acromirmex sp. transported some seeds from scats. This species was present in 25.5 \% of all Formicidae samples (pitfall). These post-dispersal agents contribute to avert scat seed predators such as rodents, and to accelerate seed bank formation.},
	keywords = {ants, Dung beetles, marsupials, post dispersal insects, seed dispersal, small mammals.},
	author = {Caceres, Nilton C. and Monteiro-Filho, Emygdio L. A.}
}
@article {1610,
	title = {The role of clumped defecation in the spatial distribution of soil nutrients and the availability of nutrients for plant uptake},
	journal = {Journal of Tropical Ecology},
	volume = {21},
	year = {2005},
	note = {Times Cited: 1Cited Reference Count: 21Cited References:      ABRAMS MM, 1992, SOIL SCI SOC AM J, V56, P1532     ALVAREZ E, 1986, INTERCIENCIA, V11, P325     ANDRESEN E, 2001, J TROP ECOL 1, V17, P61     ANDRESEN E, 2002, BIOTROPICA, V34, P261     BINKLEY D, 1983, SOIL SCI SOC AM J, V47, P1050     BRIDGHAM SD, 2001, SOIL SCI SOC AM J, V65, P259     COOPERBAND LR, 1994, SOIL SCI SOC AM J, V58, P105     ESTRADA A, 1984, AM J PRIMATOL, V6, P77     ESTRADA A, 1991, J TROP ECOL, V7, P459     FORDE B, 2001, PLANT SOIL, V232, P51     GILBERT KA, 1997, ANIM BEHAV 2, V54, P451     GOWER ST, 1987, BIOTROPICA, V19, P171     HUBER O, 1986, INTERCIENCIA, V11, P301     JULLIOT C, 1996, INT J PRIMATOL, V17, P239     MILTON K, 1980, PHYSIOL ZOOL, V53, P402     NAGY KA, 1979, OECOLOGIA, V39, P249     OSTERTAG R, 2001, ECOLOGY, V82, P485     SUBLER S, 1995, SOIL BIOL BIOCHEM, V27, P911     TAN KH, 1996, SOIL SAMPLING PREPAR     TERBORGH J, 1997, ECOLOGY, V78, P1494     VITOUSEK PM, 1986, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V17, P137EnglishArticleJ TROP ECOLPart 1898NL},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {99-102},
	keywords = {Alouatta seniculus, anion-exchange, clumped defecation, Dung beetles, howler monkeys, Lake Guri, latrine, los-tuxtlas, membranes, monkeys alouatta-palliata, nutrient cycling, phosphorus, seed dispersal, tropical rain-forest, Venezuela, wild howler monkeys},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000227083400011},
	author = {Feeley, K.}
}
@article {1611,
	title = {Effects of Dung Beetles (Scarabaeidae) on Seeds Dispersed by Howler Monkeys (Alouatta seniculus) in the French Guianan Rain Forest},
	journal = {Journal of Tropical Ecology},
	volume = {15},
	number = {2},
	year = {1999},
	note = {TY  - JOURM1  - Article type: Full Length Article / Full publication date: Mar., 1999 (199903). / Copyright 1999 Cambridge University Press},
	month = {1999/03},
	pages = {129-142},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	abstract = {The dispersal of seeds by howler monkeys (Alouatta seniculus) and the role of dung beetles in determining the fate of the dispersed seeds were studied at Nouragues Station, French Guiana, during three 2-mo periods (April-May, 1995-97). Howler monkeys were observed to disperse seeds of 47 plant species. Monkey dung attracted 57 species of dung beetles (Scarabaeidae), including tunnellers (maximum size 37 mm) and ball rollers (12.6 mm). The rate of seed burial was negatively correlated with seed size (10 plant species) and positively correlated with dung beetle size (six species of tunnellers). More than 80\% of small seeds (< 5 mm) and 30\% of large seeds (22 mm), were buried by the largest tunnellers. Dung beetles buried 13 to 23\% of seeds ranging 8-13 mm in width. The maximum average depth of burial was 28 cm and varied according to the species of dung beetle. The rate of disappearance of large dung clumps varied during the day and was completed by nocturnal dung beetles. Seeds of Chrysophyllum lucentifolium (Sapotaceae) buried at 5 and 10 cm depths did not suffer predation, but showed low germination success compared to seeds left at the soil surface. Dung beetles affected the survival and distribution of a portion of the seeds dispersed by monkeys, and their relative importance in shaping seed fate depended on seed and beetle size.},
	keywords = {Alouatta seniculus, Dung beetles, French Guiana, rain forest, Scarabaeidae, seed dispersal},
	isbn = {0266-4674},
	url = {http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0266-4674\%28199903\%2915\%3A2\%3C129\%3AEODB\%28O\%3E2.0.CO\%3B2-O},
	author = {Feer, Francois}
}
@article {2229,
	title = {Effects of seed dispersal by three ateline monkey species on seed germination at Tinigua National Park, Colombia},
	journal = {International Journal of Primatology},
	volume = {23},
	number = {6},
	year = {2002},
	month = {Dec},
	pages = {1187-1204},
	abstract = {We examined the effect of seed ingestion by three ateline primates: woolly monkeys, Lagothrix lagothricha; spider monkeys, Ateles belzebuth; and, red howler, Alouatta seniculus on germination rates and latency periods of seeds of several plant species in Tinigua National Park, Colombia. We collected dispersed seeds from feces and control seeds from the parental trees and washed them for germination trials. For the majority of plants, dispersed seeds germinated as well or better than control seeds did. Although spider monkeys depend more heavily on fruits than the other monkey species do, they were not more efficient than howlers or woolly monkeys at improving germination rates. A considerable proportion of the seeds dispersed by howlers and woolly monkeys showed reduced latency periods to germination, but spider monkeys showed less effect on reducing germination time. This result may be related to longer gut retention times, but such a trend has not been observed in other primate species. We conclude that, like many other primates, ateline monkeys are effective seed dispersers in terms of their effects on the seeds they swallow because they rarely decrease their germination rates. We discuss problems that make interspecific comparisons difficult, such as inappropriate control seeds and differences associated with germination substrates, and we stress the importance of studying other components of seed dispersal effectiveness.},
	keywords = {Alouatta, alouatta-palliata, Ateles belzebuth, Dung beetles, ecology, feeding, french-guiana, fruit, germination rate, Lagothrix lagothricha, LAGOTHRIX-LAGOTRICHA, latency period, los-tuxtlas, primates, seed dispersal, seniculus, TRE, tropical rain-forest},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000179360100003 },
	author = {Stevenson, P. R. and Castellanos, M. C. and Pizarro, J. C. and Garavito, M.}
}
@article {2293,
	title = {Dung Beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), Monkeys, and Conservation in Amazonia},
	journal = {Florida Entomologist},
	volume = {83},
	number = {3},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {229-241},
	keywords = {Amazon, brazil, Dung beetles, monkeys, primates, Scarabaeidae, seed dispersal},
	author = {Vulinec, K.}
}
@article {2296,
	title = {Primate and dung beetle communities in secondary growth rain forests: implications for conservation of seed dispersal systems},
	journal = {International Journal of Primatology},
	volume = {27},
	number = {3},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {855-879},
	edition = {june},
	abstract = {Conservation efforts are often aimed at one or a few species. However, habi- tat sustainability relies on ecological interactions among species, such as seed dispersal. Thus, a community-scale conservation strategy may be more valuable in some settings. We describe communities of primary (primates) and secondary (dung beetles) seed dispersers from 5 sites in the Brazilian Amazon. We estimate community biomass of these taxa and, using multivari- ate ordination, examine the potential for natural reforestation at each site, given the communities of seed dispersers present. Since disturbed habitat is increasingly common and increasingly the focus of conservation efforts, we also examine differences among seed disperser communities between primary forest and secondary growth at each site. Analyses of faunal biomass in dif- ferent localities and habitats indicate that secondary growth receives nearly as much use by primates as primary forest; given the dominant groups of dung beetles in secondary growth, disturbed habitat should show a pattern of seed burial that is clumped and deep. Areas with high biomass of Alouatta spp. and the large nocturnal dung beetle species may have the greatest potential for natural reforestation of secondary growth particularly for large seeded species. The data suggest that knowledge of the biomass of primary and sec- ondary dispersing fauna facilitates predictions for the likelihood of disturbed habitat to regenerate and comparisons of sites in broader geographical areas e.g., Neotropical vs. Paleotropical forests.},
	keywords = {community ecology, Dung beetles, primates, rain forest regeneration, secondary forest., seed dispersal},
	author = {Vulinec, Kevina and Lambert, Joanna E. and Mellow, David J.}
}
