@article {1402,
	title = {Semiochemicals of the Scarabaeinae .5. Characterization of the Defensive Secretion of the Dung Beetle Oniticellus-Egregius},
	journal = {Zeitschrift Fur Naturforschung C-a Journal of Biosciences},
	volume = {50},
	number = {9-10},
	year = {1995},
	note = {Times Cited: 1Cited Reference Count: 12Cited References:      BLUM MS, 1981, CHEM DEFENSES ARTHRO     BORNEMISSZA GF, 1969, PEDOBIOLOGIA, V9, P223     BURGER BV, 1986, INSECT BIOCHEM, V16, P687     BURGER BV, 1991, J CHROMATOGR, V552, P137     DAVIS ALV, 1989, ECOL ENTOMOL, V14, P11     DAVIS ALV, 1977, THESIS RHODES U GRAH     FERREIRA MC, 1972, REV ENT MOCAM, V11, P5     GNANASUNDERAM C, 1985, J CHEM ECOL, V11, P465     HALFFTER G, 1966, FOLIA ENTOMOL MEXICO, V12, P1     MOORE BP, 1968, P ROYAL ENTOMOLOGI B, V37, P62     SCHILDKNECHT H, 1968, Z NATURFORSCH B, V23, P46     TRIBE GD, 1976, THESIS U NATAL PIETE, P35EnglishArticleTD772Z NATURFORSCH C},
	month = {Sep-Oct},
	pages = {681-684},
	abstract = {Using techniques that were developed for the concentration and analysis of airborne organic volatiles, methyl salicylate and 1,4-benzoquinone were found to be the only two compounds present in detectable quantities in the effluvium of Oniticellus egregius. These two compounds, previously identified in the defensive secretions of other arthropods, are presumed to be produced as a defense mechanism against predators, such as birds. Methyl salicylate and 1,4- benzoquinone have thus far not been found to occur in other Scarabaeinae.},
	keywords = {COLEOPTERA, defensive secretion, dung beetle, headspace gas analysis, Scarabaeinae, semiochemicals},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1995TD77200014},
	author = {Burger, B. V. and Petersen, W. G. B. and Tribe, G. D.}
}
@article {1438,
	title = {Patterns of daily flight activity in onitine dung beetles (Scarabaeinae: Onitini)},
	journal = {Oecologia},
	volume = {103},
	number = {4},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {444-452},
	keywords = {Diel activity, Dung beetles, Endothermy, Flight behaviour},
	author = {Caveney, Stanley and Scholtz, Clarke H. and McIntyre, Peter}
}
@article {1453,
	title = {Ecophysiology, range contraction and survival of a geographically restricted African dung beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)},
	journal = {Functional Ecology},
	volume = {9},
	number = {1},
	year = {1995},
	note = {have a copy},
	pages = {30-39},
	keywords = {desiccation resistance, endemism, flight activity, flightless, scarab beetle, thermoregulation},
	author = {Chown, S. L. and Scholtz, C. H. and Klok, C. J. and Joubert, F. J. and Coles, K. S.}
}
@article {1489,
	title = {Daily weather variation and temporal dynamics in an Afrotropical dung beetle community (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)},
	journal = {Acta Oecologica},
	volume = {16},
	number = {6},
	year = {1995},
	note = {1995 (1996)ArticleEnglish},
	pages = {641-656},
	abstract = {The influence of weather on dung beetle community dynamics was studied in grassland, open woodland and thickets in Gauteng Province, South Africa. To avoid seasonal effects, sampling was restricted to 18 days during November and December. An examination was made both of dung beetle responses to physical variables and of daily changes in their community structure between habitat patches (dung-baited traps). Recruitment of general adults showed a weaker response to physical variables (rainfall, soil hardness, radiant heat, sub-surface soil temperature) than activity of mature adults which was most frequently correlated to rainfall. There was a range in species responses to rainfall from much higher proportional abundance on moist days to somewhat greater abundance on drier days. Such variable responses led to daily changes in the proportional abundance of moist-adapted and dry-tolerant species groups. Daily changes from low to high species richness were also associated with increased rainfall. These changes led to increased diversity and greater functional complexity of the numerically dominant species component. Abundance of most numerically dominant species increased from low to high species richness. Their rank position either increased, decreased or remained similar. It is concluded that during the summer rainy season, incidence of rainfall is an important determinant of temporal dynamics in dung beetle community structure between habitat patches.},
	keywords = {Animalia-, Arthropoda-, Climatology- (Environmental-Sciences), Coleoptera- (Coleoptera-), Coleoptera-: Insecta-, Digestive-System (Ingestion-and-Assimilation), Ecology- (Environmental-Sciences), Invertebrata-, P, Physiology-, Plantae-Unspecified: Plantae-},
	author = {Davis, Adrian L. V.}
}
@article {1683,
	title = {Scarab dung beetles in the Al Ain region of the UAE and neighbouring areas of Oman (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)},
	journal = {Tribulus},
	volume = {5},
	number = {1},
	year = {1995},
	month = {Apr},
	pages = {14-23},
	author = {Gillet, Michael P. T.}
}
@article {1715,
	title = {Spatial distribution of three groups of Coleoptera along an altitudinal transect in the Mexican Transition Zone and its biogeographical implications},
	journal = {Elytron},
	volume = {9},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {151-185},
	keywords = {Altitudinal distribution, biogeography, COLEOPTERA, Geotrupidae, Scarabaeinae, Silphidae, Veracruz},
	isbn = {0214-1353},
	author = {Halffter, Gonzalo and Favila, Mario E and Arellano, Lucrecia}
}
@article {1747,
	title = {Notes and records of Scarabaeidae from the Southeastern United States},
	journal = {The Coleopterists Bulletin},
	volume = {49},
	number = {3},
	year = {1995},
	month = {Apr},
	pages = {280-280},
	author = {Harpootlian, Phillip J.}
}
@article {1848,
	title = {Seasonality and vertical structure of light-attracted insect communities in a dipterocarp forest in Sarawak [Malaysia]},
	journal = {Researches on Population Ecology},
	volume = {37},
	number = {1},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {59-79},
	abstract = {Nocturnal flying insects were collected monthly for 13 months using ultra violet light-traps set at various vertical levels in a weakly-seasonal, tropical lowland dipterocarp forest in Sarawak, Malaysia. Abundance, faunal composition, size distribution and guild structure of these samples were analyzed with respect to temporal and vertical distributions. The nocturnal flying insect com- munity in the canopy level was highly dominated by fig wasps (84~) in individual number, and by scarabaeid beetles (28\%) in weight. A principal component analysis on monthly catches detected non-random, seasonal trends of insect abundance. The first two principal trends were an alternation of wetter (September to January) and less wet seasons (February to August) and an alternation be- tween the least wet (January to March) and the other seasons. Many insect groups were less abundant in the least wet season than the other seasons, whilst inverse patterns were found in Scarabaeidae and Tenebrionidae. Significantly positive and negative correlations between monthly catch and rainfall were detected only in ovule-feeders and in phloem-feeders, respectively. Delayed, significant negative correlations between monthly catch and 1-3 month preceding rainfall were more frequently detected in phytophages, phloem-feeders, seed-feeders, wood-borers and scavengers. The peak in abundance along vertical levels were found at the canopy level (35 m) for phloem-, ovule-, seed-, root-, fungal- feeders and nectar collectors, at an upper subcanopy level (25 m) for scavengers and aquatic predators, and at a middle subcanopy level (17 m) for ants. Catches at the emergent level (45 m) did not exceed those at the canopy level. },
	keywords = {Borneo, canopy, insect community, light-trap, seasonality in tropics, vertical distribution},
	author = {Kato, Makoto and Inoue, Tamiji and Hamid, Abang Abdul and Nagamitsu, Teruyoshi and Merdek, Mahamud Ben and Nona, Abdul Rahman and Itino, Takao and Yamane, Seiki and Yumoto, Takakazu}
}
@article {1943,
	title = {New distribution records for Sysiphus mexicanus Harold (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae, Scarabaeinae)},
	journal = {The Coleopterists Bulletin},
	volume = {49},
	number = {1},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {58-58},
	author = {Lopez-Guerrero, Yrma}
}
@article {1944,
	title = {Development and histology of the ovary in Cephalodesmius armiger Westwood (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae, Scarabaeinae)},
	journal = {The Coleopterists Bulletin},
	volume = {49},
	number = {4},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {332-342},
	author = {Lopez-Guerrero, Yrma}
}
@article {1954,
	title = {The influence of the first wave of colonizing insects on cattle dung dispersal},
	journal = {Pedobiologia},
	volume = {39},
	number = {6},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {506-517},
	keywords = {cattle dung pats, climatic factors, dung beetle, environmental risks, grazing ecosystems, rate of elimination},
	author = {Lumaret, Jean-Pierre and Kadiri, N.}
}
@article {1988,
	title = {Influencia de algunos factores ambientales sobre la reproduccii{\'o}n en Canthon cyanellus cyanellus LeConte (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabdaeinae)},
	journal = {Elytron},
	volume = {9},
	year = {1995},
	note = {need copy},
	pages = {5-13},
	keywords = {dung beetle, food, resource  mammals},
	author = {Martinez M. , Imelda and V{\'a}zquez, A}
}
@article {1989,
	title = {Influencia de algunis factores ambientales sobre la reproduccii{\'o}n en Canthon cyanellus cyanellus LeConte (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabdaeinae)},
	journal = {Elytron},
	volume = {9},
	year = {1995},
	note = {need copy},
	pages = {5-13},
	keywords = {dung beetle, food, resource  mammals},
	author = {Mart{\'\i}nez, M. I and V{\'a}zquez, A}
}
@article {1641,
	title = {Insetos fimicolas associados a fezes bovinas em Jaragua do Sul/SC. 1. Besouros coprofagos (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae)},
	journal = {Revista Brasileira de Entomologia},
	volume = {39},
	number = {2},
	year = {1995},
	month = {June},
	pages = {303-309},
	keywords = {brazil, dung beetle, fimicolous insect survey, Jaragua do Sul},
	author = {Flechtmann, Carlos Alberto Hector and Rodrigues, Sergio Roberto}
}
@article {1642,
	title = {Levantamento de insetos fimicolas em Ilha Solteira, Sao Paulo, Brazil},
	journal = {Revista Brasileira de Entomologia},
	volume = {39},
	number = {1},
	year = {1995},
	month = {Mar},
	pages = {115-120},
	keywords = {dairy cattle, fimicolous insects, list of species},
	author = {Flechtmann, Carlos Alberto Hector and Rodrigues, Sergio Roberto and Diniz de Araujo, Sandra and Wenzel, Rupert L.}
}
@article {1643,
	title = {Controle biologico da mosca-dos-chifres (Haematobia irritans irritans) em Selviria, Mato Grosso do Sul. 5. Selecao de besouros coprofagos},
	journal = {Revista Brasileira de Entomologia},
	volume = {39},
	number = {2},
	year = {1995},
	month = {June},
	pages = {277-286},
	keywords = {cattle dung pat analysis, dung beetle selection, Dung beetles, horn fly biological control, list of species},
	author = {Flechtmann, Carlos Alberto Hector and Rodrigues, Sergio Roberto and Gaspareto, Celso Luiz}
}
@article {1644,
	title = {Biological control of horn fly (Haematobia irritans irritans) in Selviria, Mato Grosso do Sul State: 6. Population dynamics of fimicolous insects except for coprophagous Scarabaeidae},
	journal = {Revista Brasileira de Entomologia},
	volume = {39},
	number = {2},
	year = {1995},
	note = {hard copy in portuguese disease ecology, parasite transmission, scarbaeinae, ecological function},
	month = {1995},
	pages = {287-296},
	abstract = {Fimiculous insects associated with Guzera cattle were obtained by weekly dissection of dung pats of varying age, from January 1991 to January 1992, in Selviria, Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil. The main insect groups found were in the families Histeridae, Staphylinidae, Hymenoptera (mostly ants) and Isoptera. Histerid populations were greater on dung pats from the rainy season, while Staphylinidae and Hymenoptera and Isoptera were more frequenton dung pats during the dry season. Histeridae, Staphylinidae, Hymenoptera werefound mostly in older droppings, except for the oldest ones, where Isoptera were typically found.},
	keywords = {Animalia-, Arthropoda-, Coleoptera-: Insecta-, Digestive-System (Ingestion-and-Assimilation), Diptera-: Insecta-, Ecology- (Environmental-Sciences), Economic-Entomology, Inver, Invertebrata-, Pathology-, Pest-Assessment-Control-and-Management},
	author = {Flechtmann, Carlos Alberto Hector and Rodrigues, Sergio Roberto and Gaspareto, Celso Luiz}
}
@article {1645,
	title = {Controle biologico da mosca-dos-chifres (Haematobia irritans irritans) em Selviria, Mato Grosso do Sul. 3. Levantamento de especies fimicolas associadas a mosca},
	journal = {Revista Brasileira de Entomologia},
	volume = {39},
	number = {2},
	year = {1995},
	month = {June},
	pages = {249-258},
	keywords = {Dung pats, fimicolous insect, list of species, survey},
	author = {Flechtmann, Carlos Alberto Hector and Rodrigues, Sergio Roberto and Seno, Maria Conceicao Zocoller}
}
@article {1646,
	title = {Controle biologico da mosca-dos-chifres (Haematobia irritans irritans) em Selviria, Mato Grosso do Sul. 2. Acao de insetos fimicolas em massas fecais no campo},
	journal = {Revista Brasileira de Entomologia},
	volume = {39},
	number = {2},
	year = {1995},
	month = {June},
	pages = {237-247},
	keywords = {biological control, dung beetle, Dung pats, horn fly, SELECTION},
	author = {Flechtmann, Carlos Alberto Hector and Rodrigues, Sergio Roberto and Zarate do Couto, Hilton Thadeu}
}
@article {1659,
	title = {Ultrasound acoustic startle response in scarab beetles},
	journal = {The Journal of Experimental Biology},
	volume = {198},
	year = {1995},
	month = {July},
	pages = {2593-2598},
	abstract = {We discovered an auditory sense in a night-flying scarab beetle, Euetheola humilis, the first scarab to be shown to hear airborne sounds. In the field, beetles were captured beneath speakers broadcasting ultrasound that simulated bat echolocation pulses. Apparently, the beetles took evasive action from a potential bat predator and flew into the traps. Using another behavioral assay in laboratory studies, the beetles were sensitive to frequencies ranging from 20 to 70kHz at levels between 60 and 70dB SPL. One component of the behavioral response, a head roll, was graded with stimulus intensity, and the number of potentials in electromyographic recordings from muscles involved in the roll increased as stimulus intensity increased. The response latency was about 40ms at threshold, decreasing to about 30ms at 20dB above threshold. The beetle{\textquoteright}s short response latency is ideally suited for predator avoidance behavior and the frequency tuning of the response suggests that it could function in evasion from insectivorous bats. The beetle{\textquoteright}s acoustic sensitivity is remarkably similar to that of other night- flying insects showing ultrasound-induced startle and it should provide these scarab beetles with a similar advance warning of predation risk.},
	keywords = {acoustic startle response, Euetheola humilis, hearing, Scarabaeidae, ultrasound avoidance},
	author = {Forrest, T. G. and Farris, H. E. and Hoy, R. R.}
}
@article {1670,
	title = {Dung Beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae, Geotrupidae) Attracted to Fresh Cattle Dung in Wooded and Open Pasture},
	journal = {Community and Ecosystem Ecology},
	volume = {24},
	number = {5},
	year = {1995},
	note = {have copy},
	pages = {1063-1068},
	keywords = {cattle dung, Dung, dung beetle, ecology, habitat change mammals},
	author = {Galante, E. and Mena, Javier and Lumbreras, Carlos J.}
}
@article {1671,
	title = {Efeito de vermifugos injetaveis em bovinos de leite sobre o besouro coprofago Dichotomius anaglypticus (Mann., 1829)},
	journal = {Ecossistema},
	volume = {20},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {100-108},
	keywords = {cattle, dung beetle, vermifuges},
	author = {Galbiati, C. and Conceicao, C. H. C. and Florcovski, J. L. and Calafiori, M. H. and Tobias, A. C. T.}
}
@article {2097,
	title = {Testing for seasonal displacement in a dung beetle guild},
	journal = {Ecography},
	volume = {18},
	number = {2},
	year = {1995},
	note = {1995ArticleEnglish},
	pages = {173-177},
	abstract = {The temporal overlap between seasonal distribution of adults of 14 congeneric dung beetle species (Aphodius spp.) was determined during one year, based on 11122 captures. The mean seasonal distribution of adults (mean of the sampling dates weighted by the abundance value) was analyzed to elucidate deviations from randomness. In addition, the effect of the shape of seasonal distribution of adults was investigated. In both analyses randomization methods were used. A clear trend exists maximizing the temporal displacement between middle points of chronologically consecutive species: newly emerging species appear every 26 +- 16 days. This trend minimizes the number of species pairs with no or very little temporal overlap. In contrast, the mean temporal overlap of the whole guild seems unaffected, with some species pairs showing a large temporal overlap. Whether the observed pattern can be attributed to interspecific competition must be addressed experimentally.},
	keywords = {anima, Animalia-, Aphodius-sp. (Coleoptera-), Arthropoda-, Climatology- (Environmental-Sciences), Coleoptera-: Insecta-, Development-, Digestive-System (Ingestion-and-Assimilation), Ecology- (Environmental-Sciences), Invertebrata-, Nutrition-, Physiology-},
	author = {Palmer, Miquel}
}
@article {2147,
	title = {New distributional records of Liatongus monstrosus (Bates) (Coleoptera: SCarabaeidae) in Mexico},
	journal = {The Coleopterists Bulletin},
	volume = {49},
	number = {3},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {234},
	author = {Rivera-Cervantes, Luis Eugenio}
}
@article {2215,
	title = {Habitat selection and offspring survival rate in three paracoprid dung beetles: the influence of soil type and soil moisture},
	journal = {Ecography},
	volume = {18},
	number = {2},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {147-154},
	abstract = {Paracoprid dung beetles build brood chambers in the soil beneath a dung pat and provide them with dung Onthophagus species lay one egg into each chamber This paper deals with the influence of soil type and soil moisture on micro-habitat selection and survival of offspring m three middle-European Onthophagus-species (O coenobita, O fracticonis and O vacca) Discrimination between sandy soils with three different loam contents (0\%, 20\%, 40\%) and four different water contents (4\%, 8\%, 12\%, 16\%) was tested in the laboratory During the first 24 h of each replicate beetles which colonized one of the patches did not distinguish between different soil conditions Emigration rates, measured as time when 50\% of all individuals had left the patch, and numbers of brood chambers proved to be species specific and depended on soil moisture and soil type Survival rates of the larvae in the brood chambers were influenced nearly exclusively by soil moisture The results are discussed in relation to the ecology of the three species and in context with optimal foraging theories},
	url = {http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1600-0587.1995.tb00335.x},
	author = {Sowig,Peter}
}
@article {2313,
	title = {Selection of the spatial habitat of Coprophagous beetles in the Kaiserstuhl area near Freiburg (SE-Germany)},
	journal = {Acta Oecologica},
	volume = {16},
	number = {4},
	year = {1995},
	note = {1995ArticleEnglish},
	pages = {461-478},
	abstract = {1. In an all-year-round survey of coprophagous beetles in a pasture in the Kaiserstuhl area (SW-Germany), cow-pats and sheep lumps were gathered from two field areas and one wooded area twice a month. 40,298 beetles belonging to 40 species of Scarabaeoidea and 14 of Hydrophilidae were detected. The small site on the Kaiserstuhl has the highest species diversity of Scarabaeoidea species among all local dung beetle coenoses described in Europe thus far. 2. In all seasons of the year, population density and biomass of dung beetles were higher on the open pastures than in the wooded pasture. Only in summer and on the coldest days of winter, values of both macrohabitats were approximately the same, which might be due to the mediated climate of wooded habitats in those seasons. 3. 11 out of 29 abundant species showed a clear preference for open macrohabitats, while only four preferred the wooded macrohabitat. All other species were eurytopic. Faunistic similarity was low among all three macrohabitats and did not show closer relationships between the two open pastures than between both of them and the wooded pasture. 4. Sheep lumps were more densely populated than cow-pats, whereas the latter contained a higher biomass in dung beetles. The cow-pat community was higher in species number as well as in diversity. Faunistic similarity between both dung beetle communities was minimal. 5. 13 out of 32 abundant dung beetle species preferred each dung type. Mean size of Scarabaeoidea dung beetles preferring sheep lumps was significantly lower than of those preferring cow-pats. Regardless their size difference, all but one Hydrophilidae species showed a pronounced preference for cow-pats. 6. Selection of the spatial habitats played a minor role in compartmentation of the total niche space of the dung beetle community as compared to temporal niche dimensions such as seasonality. As in the case of seasonality, Aphodius was best separated within the genus.},
	keywords = {Animalia-, Arthropoda-, Bovidae-: Artiodactyla-, Chordata-, Climatology- (Environmental-Sciences), Coleoptera-: Insecta-, cow- (Bovi, Ecology- (Environmental-Sciences), Invertebrata-, Mammalia-, Metabolism-, Nutrition-, Physiology-, Vertebrata-},
	author = {Wassmer, Thomas}
}
@article {2314,
	title = {The use of dung beetles (Scarabaeoidea and Hydrophilidae) as bioindicators for the assessment of nature conservation value of pasture biotopes},
	journal = {Zeitschrift fur Okologie und Naturschutz},
	volume = {4},
	number = {3},
	year = {1995},
	note = {Mistkafer (Scarabaeoidea et Hydrophilidae) als Bioindikatoren fur die naturschutzerische Bewertung von Weidebiotopen.},
	pages = {135-141},
	abstract = {Being dependent on dung as food and breeding resources, dung beetles prove to be extremely valuable bioindicators for an evaluation of pasture biotops in nature conservation and management. A case study on the most abundant dung beetle community regarding species numbers described in Europe so far, in the Kaiserstuhl area near Freiburg (SW-Germany). 40 298 beetles belonging to 38 species of Scarabaeoidea and 14 of Hydrophilidae, were detected. There is an abridged English version. -from English summary},
	keywords = {Dung beetles},
	author = {Wassmer, T.}
}
@article {2356,
	title = {Long-Term Glades in Acacia Bushland and Their Edge Effects in Laikipia, Kenya},
	journal = {Ecological Applications},
	volume = {5},
	number = {1},
	year = {1995},
	note = {Times Cited: 9Cited Reference Count: 45Cited References:      AGNEW ADQ, 1974, UPLAND KENYA WILDFLO     AHN PM, 1987, KENYA SOIL SURVEY SO     ALVERSON WS, 1988, CONSERV BIOL, V2, P348     ANDREW MH, 1988, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V3, P336     BAKKER JP, 1983, VEGETATIO, V55, P153     BELSKY AJ, 1994, BIOSCIENCE, V44, P77     BELSKY AJ, 1983, VEGETATIO, V55, P141     BLACKMORE AC, 1990, J BIOGEOGR, V17, P463     BROWER JE, 1990, FIELD LABORATORY MET     CHEN JQ, 1992, ECOL APPL, V2, P387     COE MJ, 1991, FIELD GUIDE ACACIAS     COPPOCK DL, 1983, OECOLOGIA, V56, P1     COPPOCK DL, 1983, OECOLOGIA, V56, P10     COUGHENOUR MB, 1993, J BIOGEOGR, V20, P383     DALE IR, 1951, KENYA TREES SHRUBS     DAY TA, 1990, ECOLOGY, V71, P180     DUBLIN HT, 1990, J ANIM ECOL, V59, P1147     ESTES R, 1991, BEHAVIOR GUIDE AFRIC     GEORGIADIS NJ, 1990, J APPL ECOL, V27, P623     GORDON LJ, 1990, OIKOS, V57, P270     HATTON JC, 1984, AFR J ECOL, V22, P23     HERREN U, 1987, 9 U BERNE I GEOGR LA     HOLLAND EA, 1990, ECOLOGY, V71, P1040     HUNTLY N, 1991, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V22, P477     IBRAHIM K, 1989, ILLUSTRATED MANUAL G     JARAMILLO VJ, 1992, J APPL ECOL, V29, P1     JARAMILLO VJ, 1992, J APPL ECOL, V29, P9     MCNAUGHTON SJ, 1984, AM NAT, V124, P863     MELTZER MI, 1992, J APPL ECOL, V29, P635     MWASYA J, 1994, IN PRESS J E AFRICAN     OCONNOR TG, 1985, S AFRICAN NATL SCI P, V114, P1     ODINGA RS, 1971, KENYA HIGHLANDS LAND     POLHILL RM, 1989, FLORA TROPICAL E AFR     PRINS HHT, 1992, ENVIRON CONSERV, V19, P117     REICHMAN OJ, 1993, ECOLOGY, V74, P1281     RUESS RW, 1987, OIKOS, V49, P101     SCHOLES RJ, 1993, AFRICAN SAVANNA SYNT     SEAGLE SW, 1992, ECOLOGY, V73, P1105     STELFOX JB, 1986, AFR J ECOL, V24, P41     STUARTHILL GC, 1992, J APPL ECOL, V29, P699     TAITI SW, 1992, B2 U NAIR BERN LAIK     VESEYFITZGERALD DF, 1969, E AFR WILDL J, V7, P131     WESTERN D, 1979, HUM ECOL, V7, P75     WILLIAMSLINERA G, 1990, J ECOL, V78, P356     WILLMS WD, 1988, J RANGE MANAGE, V41, P503EnglishArticleQK276ECOL APPL},
	month = {Feb},
	pages = {97-108},
	abstract = {Throughout the Laikipia ecosystem in Kenya, isolated glades occur within acacia bushland and woodland communities. These glades are at least several decades old. They are reported to be old settlement sites of traditional pastoralists no longer present, and their size, location, and orientation are consistent with the settlement sites of related pastoralists studied elsewhere. The purpose of this study was to document the effects of these glades at the local and landscape levels. Working in central Laikipia, we documented differences in vegetation, animal use, and soils at four of these glades, and at increasing distances from glade edges. Four {\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}glade specialists{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright} dominated the plant communities within glades, and were very rare outside of glades. Pennisetum stramineum, one of six glade edge species, formed a ring of dense tall grass around most glade edges. The transition to acacia bushland at the glade edges was not always abrupt (depending on the trait considered), resulting in edge effects that differed in depth and sharpness. Edge depth, defined as the distance required to attain two-thirds of background levels for a trait, ranged from 0 to 200 m. Understory plant species richness and diversity were lowest inside glades, and gradually increased with distance from glades. However, because glades supported species not found elsewhere, the presence of glades increased overall species diversity. The density of wild and domestic large mammal dung was up to 10 times greater inside the glades, and declined with distance from glade edges. Similarly, soil nitrogen, potassium, carbon, calcium, and sodium were greatest inside glades. Soil phosphorus, magnesium, and manganese were not elevated inside glades or within 100 m of glades, but instead were much more abundant in background samples. These glades may be maintained by high densities of large mammals, either through herbivory or through changes in soil chemistry. Glades may be attractive to mammals because of the high quality of food there, or as part of an anti-predator strategy. The result is a relatively permanent community mosaic that increases ecosystem heterogeneity and resource use by domestic and wild animals. The spatial nature of this heterogeneity differs among species, depending on their distributions relative to the glades.},
	keywords = {acacia, american grassland, cattle enclosures, community mosaic, depth, dung counts, edge, elephants, grazing lawns, kenya, laikipia, large, mammals, north-, patch dynamics, plant-herbivore interactions, simulate, small-scale heterogeneity, soil chemistry},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1995QK27600013},
	author = {Young, T. P. and Patridge, N. and Macrae, A.}
}
