02748nas a2200337   4500008004100000245016200041210006900203260000800272300001200280490000700292520171700299653002702016653001402043653001702057653001402074653001402088653002502102653001502127653002402142653002602166653001002192653001602202653001902218653001502237653002902252653001302281653002702294100003502321700002002356856003402376       2003                        eng d00aEstimating the number of species not yet described and their characteristics: the case of Western Palaearctic dung beetle species (Coleoptera, Scarabaeoidea)0 aEstimating the number of species not yet described and their cha  cJan  a147-1660 v123 aTo determine the degree of completion of Western Palaearctic dung beetle species inventory, as well as to ascertain some of the main geographical and morphological characteristics associated with the probability of new species description, the available taxonomic and biogeographic information of the three Scarabaeoidea families that are associated with dung was analyzed. An asymptotic fit of the cumulative number of described species is used to estimate the approximate number of species not yet described. Variation partitioning and hierarchical decomposition techniques were used to explore the influence of body size, geographical range size and geographical location variables on the process of species description. Results indicate that the inventories of Western Palaearctic Scarabaeidae and Geotrupidae species are almost complete, but that around 16% of Aphodiidae species have yet to be described. As the joint effect of geographical distribution and location is the main determinant of the species description rate in this family, it was predicted that new dung beetle species would be found in smaller areas of the southern and eastern Western Palaearctic region. The species body size accounted for a negligible fraction in the variation of the year of description. Both the geographical range size and the geographical location are essential variables negatively correlated with the year of species description, whose pure and combined effect can account for high percentages in the year of description variation (from 41 to 56%). The location of most of the taxonomic workforce in areas where broader-ranged generalist species prevail in the assemblages is the probable reason for this pattern.10aaccumulation functions10abody-size10aconservation10adiscovery10adiversity10aevolutionary history10aextinction10ageographic location10ageographic range size10apredi10aprobability10aprobability of10aregression10aspecies description rate10ataxonomy10avariation partitioning1 aCabrero-Sanudo, Francisco-Jose1 aLobo, Jorge, M.  u<Go to ISI>://00017952140001002304nas a2200277   4500008004100000020001400041245015800055210006900213260000800282300001000290490000700300520147100307653003701778653001401815653001501829653001801844653001701862653001101879653002001890653002301910653001401933653001101947653001501958100001801973856003501991       2006                        eng d  a0010-065X00aPhylogenetic evidence for an association between tunneling behavior and the evolution of horns in dung beetles (Coleoptera : Scarabaeidae : Scarabaeinae)0 aPhylogenetic evidence for an association between tunneling behav  cDec  a47-560 v603 aDung beetles employ numerous behavioral strategies to sequester dung away from other insects, and these have been broadly grouped into two categories: species that dig tunnels beneath the dung (tunnelers) and species that roll dung on the surface of the soil (rollers). Many species also are armed with rigid exoskeletal outgrowths called horns. Horns function as weapons, and horn sizes can be extreme. One widespread pattern within dung beetles is that tunneling species often have horns, whereas rolling species almost always do not, suggesting that residing (and fighting) inside tunnels at the dung deposition site may be an important ecological prerequisite for the evolution of horns in dung beetles. Here, we test explicitly for an historical association between tunneling behavior and the evolution of horns using a recent phylogeny for the scarabaeine dung beetles. We show that all eight of the independent gains of horns included in our analyses occurred on branches of the phylogeny reconstructed as tunneling, and that one of the three evolutionary losses of horns occurred on a branch that had lost tunneling behavior. We interpret this as evidence for a biologically meaningful association between tunneling behavior and the evolution of enlarged or exaggerated weapons such as horns, supporting the ideas of Eberhard and others that beetle horns may be most "beneficial" when used within the confines of restricted spaces such as burrows or tunnels.10aALTERNATIVE REPRODUCTIVE TACTICS10abody-size10aDIMORPHISM10aFEMALE CHOICE10aFIDDLER-CRAB10aFIGHTS10aFOOD RELOCATION10aonthophagus-taurus10aSELECTION10aSEXUAL10aTRADE-OFFS1 aEmlen, D., J.  u<Go to ISI>://000243611100005 02340nas a2200289   4500008004100000020001400041245015800055210006900213260000800282300001000290490000700300520147100307653003701778653001401815653001501829653001801844653001701862653001101879653002001890653002301910653001401933653001101947653001501958100002301973700001901996856003502015       2006                        eng d  a0010-065X00aPhylogenetic evidence for an association between tunneling behavior and the evolution of horns in dung beetles (Coleoptera : Scarabaeidae : Scarabaeinae)0 aPhylogenetic evidence for an association between tunneling behav  cDec  a47-560 v603 aDung beetles employ numerous behavioral strategies to sequester dung away from other insects, and these have been broadly grouped into two categories: species that dig tunnels beneath the dung (tunnelers) and species that roll dung on the surface of the soil (rollers). Many species also are armed with rigid exoskeletal outgrowths called horns. Horns function as weapons, and horn sizes can be extreme. One widespread pattern within dung beetles is that tunneling species often have horns, whereas rolling species almost always do not, suggesting that residing (and fighting) inside tunnels at the dung deposition site may be an important ecological prerequisite for the evolution of horns in dung beetles. Here, we test explicitly for an historical association between tunneling behavior and the evolution of horns using a recent phylogeny for the scarabaeine dung beetles. We show that all eight of the independent gains of horns included in our analyses occurred on branches of the phylogeny reconstructed as tunneling, and that one of the three evolutionary losses of horns occurred on a branch that had lost tunneling behavior. We interpret this as evidence for a biologically meaningful association between tunneling behavior and the evolution of enlarged or exaggerated weapons such as horns, supporting the ideas of Eberhard and others that beetle horns may be most "beneficial" when used within the confines of restricted spaces such as burrows or tunnels.10aALTERNATIVE REPRODUCTIVE TACTICS10abody-size10aDIMORPHISM10aFEMALE CHOICE10aFIDDLER-CRAB10aFIGHTS10aFOOD RELOCATION10aonthophagus-taurus10aSELECTION10aSEXUAL10aTRADE-OFFS1 aEmlen, Douglas, J.1 aPhilips, Keith  u<Go to ISI>://000243611100005 02395nas a2200325   4500008004100000245009500041210006900136300001200205490000700217520138900224653001401613653001301627653001601640653001601656653001401672653001401686653001501700653002601715653002901741653001701770653001301787653001801800653001901818653001001837653001101847653006001858100001301918700002001931856011801951       2000                        eng d00aMaternal and paternal effects on offspring phenotype in the dung beetle Onthophagus taurus0 aMaternal and paternal effects on offspring phenotype in the dung  a936-9410 v543 aParents often have important influences on the development of traits in their offspring. One mechanism by which parents are able to influence offspring phenotype is through the level of care they provide. In onthophagine dung beetles, parents typically provision their offspring by packing dung fragments into a brood mass. Onthophagus taurus males can be separated into two discrete morphs: Large, "major" males have head horns, whereas "minor" males are hornless. Here we show that a switch in parental provisioning strategies adopted by males coincides with the switch in male morphology. Male provisioning results in the production of heavier brood masses than females will produce alone. However, unlike females in which the level of provisioning increases with body size in a continuous manner, the level of provisioning provided by males represents an "all-or-none" tactic with all major males providing a fixed level of provisioning irrespective of their body size. Offspring size is determined largely by the quantity of dung provided to the developing larvae so that paternal and maternal provisioning affects the body size and horn size of offspring produced. The levels of provisioning by individual parents are significantly repeatable, suggesting paternal and maternal effects as candidate indirect genetic effects in the evolution of horn size in the genus Onthophagus.10aAnimalia-10aAnimals-10aArthropoda-10aArthropods-10aBehavior-10abody-size10abrood-mass10aColeoptera-: Insecta-10aEvolution-and-Adaptation10ahorn-: size-10aInsects-10aInvertebrata-10aInvertebrates-10amale-10amale-p10aOnthophagus-taurus [dung-beetle] (Coleoptera-): female-1 aHunt, J.1 aSimmons, L., W.  uhttps://scarabnet.myspecies.info/maternal-and-paternal-effects-offspring-phenotype-dung-beetle-onthophagus-taurus03111nas a2200313   4500008004100000245011200041210006900153300001000222490000700232520208700239653001502326653001402341653001302355653001602368653001602384653001402400653002602414653002902440653002002469653001302489653001802502653001902520653000802539653005802547653002302605100001902628700001802647856013202665       1999                        eng d00aProximate determination of male horn dimorphism in the beetle Onthophagus taurus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)0 aProximate determination of male horn dimorphism in the beetle On  a27-370 v123 aThe existence of discrete phenotypic variation within one sex poses interesting questions regarding how such intrasexual polymorphisms are produced and modified during the course of evolution. Approaching these kinds of questions requires insights into the genetic architecture underlying a polymorphism and an understanding of the proximate mechanisms determining phenotype expression. Here we explore the genetic underpinnings and proximate factors influencing the expression of beetle horns - a dramatic sexually selected trait exhibiting intramale dimorphism in many species. Two relatively discrete male morphs are present in natural populations of the dung beetle Onthophagus taurus (Scarabaeidae, Onthophagini). Males exceeding a critical body size develop a pair of long, curved horns on their heads, while those smaller than this critical body size remain essentially hornless. We present results from laboratory breeding experiments designed to assess the relative importance of inherited and environmental factors as determinants of male morphology. Using father-son regressions, our findings demonstrate that horn length and body size of male progeny are not predicted from paternal morphology. instead, natural variation in an environmental factor, the amount of food available to larvae, determined both the body sizes exhibited by males as adults and the presence or absence of horns. The nonlinear scaling relationship between the body size and horn length of males bred in the laboratory did not differ from the pattern of variation present in natural populations, suggesting that nutritional conditions account for variation in male morphology in natural populations as well. We discuss our results by extending ideas proposed to explain the evolution of conditional expression of alternative phenotypes in physically heterogeneous environments toward incorporating facultative expression of secondary sexual traits. We use this synthesis to begin characterizing the potential origin and subsequent evolution of facultative horn expression in onthophagine beetles.10aallometry-10aAnimalia-10aAnimals-10aArthropoda-10aArthropods-10abody-size10aColeoptera-: Insecta-10aEvolution-and-Adaptation10ahorn-dimorphism10aInsects-10aInvertebrata-10aInvertebrates-10amor10aOnthophagus-taurus [dung-beetle] (Coleoptera-): male-10aPopulation-Studies1 aMoczek, A., P.1 aEmlen, D., J.  uhttps://scarabnet.myspecies.info/proximate-determination-male-horn-dimorphism-beetle-onthophagus-taurus-coleoptera-scarabaeidae