00644nas a2200181   4500008004100000245008600041210006900127300001200196490000800208653001800216653001700234653001500251653002100266100002100287700002400308700002000332856011000352       1995                        eng d00aPatterns of daily flight activity in onitine dung beetles (Scarabaeinae: Onitini)0 aPatterns of daily flight activity in onitine dung beetles Scarab  a444-4520 v10310aDiel activity10aDung beetles10aEndothermy10aFlight behaviour1 aCaveney, Stanley1 aScholtz, Clarke, H.1 aMcIntyre, Peter  uhttps://scarabnet.myspecies.info/patterns-daily-flight-activity-onitine-dung-beetles-scarabaeinae-onitini02006nas a2200157   4500008004100000245016500041210006900206260000800275300001400283490000700297520133800304100002201642700002201664700002401686856013801710       1998                        eng d00aMorphological correlates of flightlessness in southern African Scarabaeinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae): testing a condition of the water-conservation hypothesis0 aMorphological correlates of flightlessness in southern African S  cJan  a1123-11330 v763 aFlightlessness in desert beetles is thought to have evolved either as a response to decreased environmental heterogeneity or directly to reduce water loss. The water-conservation hypothesis rests on three conditions: that spiracular transpiration is greater than cuticular transpiration; that cuticular transpiration rates are lower in desert species; and that changes in body form associated with flightlessness lead to an overall reduction in water loss rates. The extreme form of the morphological-convergence condition suggests that this change in body shape should be most pronounced in desert-dwelling taxa. The morphological-convergence condition was examined using a morphometric analysis of body shape in flying and nonflying dung beetle species from two southern African tribes occurring in arid and mesic habitats. Although the Canthonini have a more rounded body than the Scarabaeini, flightless species in both tribes have a more rounded body than the flying ones, except at the smallest body sizes. This rounding is more pronounced in flightless, desert-dwelling Scarabaeini than in flightless species from more mesic habitats. All three conditions required by the water-conservation hypothesis are met in various beetle taxa, but the hypothesis and its conditions have yet to be tested on a single, monophyletic taxon.1 aChown, Steven, L.1 aPistorius, Pierre1 aScholtz, Clarke, H.  uhttps://scarabnet.myspecies.info/morphological-correlates-flightlessness-southern-african-scarabaeinae-coleoptera-scarabaeidae-testin02203nas a2200253   4500008004100000245009800041210006900139260000800208300001400216490000800230520139100238653001601629653001401645653001601659653002501675653001301700653001201713653002701725653001401752100001701766700002101783700002401804856012101828       2003                        eng d00aTwilight orientation to polarised light in the crepuscular dung beetle Scarabaeus zambesianus0 aTwilight orientation to polarised light in the crepuscular dung   cFeb  a1535-15430 v2063 aThe polarisation pattern of skylight offers many arthropods a reference for visual compass orientation. The dung beetle Scarabaeus zambesianusstarts foraging at around sunset. After locating a source of fresh droppings, it forms a ball of dung and rolls it off at high speed to escape competition at and around the dung pile. Using behavioural experiments in the field and in the laboratory, we show that the beetle is able to roll along a straight path by using the polarised light pattern of evening skylight. The receptors used to detect this skylight cue can be found in the ommatidia of the dorsal rim area of the eye, whose structures differ from the regular ommatidia in the rest of the eye. The dorsal rim ommatidia are characterised by rhabdoms with microvilli oriented at only two orthogonal orientations. Together with the finding that the receptors do not twist along the length of the rhabdom, this indicates that the photoreceptors of the dorsal rim area are polarisation sensitive. Large rhabdoms, a reflecting tracheal sheath and a lack of screening pigments make this area of the eye well adapted for polarised light detection at low light levels. The fan-shaped arrangement of receptors over the dorsal rim area was previously believed to be an adaptation to polarised light analysis, but here we argue that it is simply a consequence of the way that the eye is built.10adung beetle10aommatidia10aorientation10apolarisation pattern10areceptor10arhabdom10aScarabaeus zambesianus10askylight.1 aDacke, Marie1 aNordstrom, Peter1 aScholtz, Clarke, H.  uhttps://scarabnet.myspecies.info/twilight-orientation-polarised-light-crepuscular-dung-beetle-scarabaeus-zambesianus00740nas a2200193   4500008004100000245012400041210006900165300001200234490000800246653001500254653001700269653003000286653001100316100001700327700002100344700002400365700002000389856013700409       2002                        eng d00aA specialized dorsal rim area for polarized light detection in the compound eye of the scarab beetle Pachysoma striatum0 aspecialized dorsal rim area for polarized light detection in the  a211-2160 v18810aCOLEOPTERA10acompound eye10aPolarized light detection10avision1 aDacke, Marie1 aNordstrom, Peter1 aScholtz, Clarke, H.1 aWarrant, E., J.  uhttps://scarabnet.myspecies.info/specialized-dorsal-rim-area-polarized-light-detection-compound-eye-scarab-beetle-pachysoma-striatum02663nas a2200229   4500008004100000245012800041210006900169300000900238490000700247520187800254653001702132653000902149653001202158653001902170653001702189653001602206653001102222100002102233700002402254700001702278856013802295       2005                        eng d00aA dung beetle survey of selected Gauteng nature reserves: implications for conservation of the provincial scarabaeine fauna0 adung beetle survey of selected Gauteng nature reserves implicati  a1-160 v133 aAquantitativedungbeetlesurvey(Coleoptera:Scarabaeidae:Scarabaeinae)wasconducted insixGautengnaturereserves(Tswaing,Leeuwfontein,Roodeplaat,Ezemvelo,AbeBailey, Suikerbosrand) representativeof theprovincial rangeinenvironmental conditions. The studyprovidedaprovincial species inventorythat has beentestedfor completeness bycomparisonwithmuseumreferencematerial. It alsopermittedananalysisof major influencesonregional(altitude,annualrainfall)andlocal(soilandvegetationtype)patterns of speciesabundance. Thesurveyrecordedatotal of 152species. Althoughafurther29 specieswererepresentedinreferencecollections,theirabsencefromthepresentworkwas probablyduetohabitat,food,ortemporalspecializations.Multivariateanalyses(clustering, MDS)ofspeciesabundancedataformedsixclusters,eachcomprisingexclusivelythesitesin singlereserves. Thisindicatesthatregionalbetween-reservefaunaldifferencesaregreater thanlocal withinreservedifferences, thusdemonstratingthevalueof eachreserve. Ina hierarchical analysisofobliquefactors, fiveoutofsevenstatisticallydefinedclusterscom- prisedexclusivelythesitesinsinglereserveswithSuikerbosrandsplitintwo.Theseclusters werevariouslycorrelatedwithnineextendedfactors.Alongsevenfactors,correlationswere uniqueoressentiallyuniquetosinglereservesandwerefairlyhigh,particularlyatinterme- diatealtitude. Alongtheremainingtwosharedfactors, therewereopposingtrendsinthat correlationseitherdecreasedwithhigheraltitudeordecreasedwithloweraltitude. Thus, eachclustershowsthreecoefficientsofdetermination, onerepresentingtheproportionof varianceduetosharedhighlandfaunalinfluence,onerepresentingthatduetosharedlow- landfaunal influenceandthethirdrepresentingthatduetouniquelocal faunal composi- tion. Theanalysesidentifythetransitionfromlowlandtohighland-dominatedfaunas, the relativefaunal distinctivenessofeachreserve, andomissionsfromtheprovincial reserve system.10aconservation10aDung10aGauteng10anature reserve10aScarabaeinae10aSouthAfrica10asurvey1 aDavis, A., L. V.1 aScholtz, Clarke, H.1 aDeschodt, C.  uhttps://scarabnet.myspecies.info/dung-beetle-survey-selected-gauteng-nature-reserves-implications-conservation-provincial-scarabaeine00666nas a2200133   4500008004100000245018700041210006900228300001400297490000700311100002500318700002400343700002700367856013800394       2001                        eng d00aCladistic, phenetic and biogeographical analysis of the flightless dung beetle genus, Gyronotus van Lansberge (Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae), in threatened eastern Afrotropical forests0 aCladistic phenetic and biogeographical analysis of the flightles  a1607-16250 v351 aDavis, Adrian, L. V.1 aScholtz, Clarke, H.1 aHarrison, James, du G.  uhttps://scarabnet.myspecies.info/cladistic-phenetic-and-biogeographical-analysis-flightless-dung-beetle-genus-gyronotus-van-lansberge02751nas a2200157   4500008004100000245015900041210006900200300001200269490000700281520206800288100002802356700002202384700002502406700002402431856013802455       2004                        eng d00aLarvae of Ceratocanthidae and Hybosoridae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea): study of morphology, phylogenetic analysis and evidence of paraphyly of Hybosoridae0 aLarvae of Ceratocanthidae and Hybosoridae Coleoptera Scarabaeoid  a524-5430 v293 aLarvae of the scarabaeoid genera Germarostes Paulian, Cyphopisthes Gestro, Paulianostes Ballerio, Ceratocanthus White, Pterorthochaetes Gestro, Madrasostes Paulian, Astaenomoechus Martı ́nez & Pereira (Ceratocanthidae) and Hybosorus Macleay, Phaeochrous Castelnau, and Anaides Westwood (Hybo- soridae) are described, keyed and illustrated with fifty-seven drawings. A phylo- genetic analysis of these two families based on larval morphology is presented. Fifty-four larval morphological and three biological characters from twenty-seven taxa revealed nineteen equally parsimonious cladograms. The monophyly of (Ceratocanthidae þ Hybosoridae) is supported by four unambiguous unique syna- pomorphies: dorsal medial endocarina on cranium extended anteriorly into fron- tal sclerite; presence of large membranous spot on apical antennomere; labium dorsally with four pores in centre (secondarily reduced to two pores in some groups); and presence of stridulatory organ on fore- and middle legs (secondarily reduced in some groups). Our analysis suggests that the family Hybosoridae is paraphyletic with respect to Ceratocanthidae. The clade comprising the hybosorid genera Hybosorus and Phaeochrous is the sister group of the remaining Hybo- soridae plus Ceratocanthidae. It is supported by two unambiguous synapomorphies: two apical antennomeres completely joined and the stridulatory organ represented by seven to nine large teeth anteriorly on the middle leg. The hybosorid genus Anaides is a sister group to the remaining Hybosoridae plus Ceratocanthidae (without Hybosorus and Phaeochrous) and the ceratocanthid genus Germarostes is a sister group to the remaining Hybosoridae plus Ceratocanthidae (without Hybosorus, Phaeochrous and Anaides). The ceratocanthid genera Cyphopisthes, Astaenomoechus, Paulianostes, Pterorthochaetes, and Madrasostes constitute a sister group to the hybosorid genus Cryptogenius and are supported by the presence of two reversions: two dorsal pores on labium and completely reduced stridulatory organs on fore- and middle legs. 1 aGrebennikov, Vasily, V.1 aBallerio, Alberto1 aOcampo, Federico, C.1 aScholtz, Clarke, H.  uhttps://scarabnet.myspecies.info/larvae-ceratocanthidae-and-hybosoridae-coleoptera-scarabaeoidea-study-morphology-phylogenetic-analys00624nas a2200169   4500008004100000245009500041210006900136300001200205490000700217653001600224653001600240653001600256653001700272100002800289700002400317856011300341       2004                        eng d00aThe basal phylogeny of Scarabaeoidea (Insecta: Coleoptera) inferred from larval morphology0 abasal phylogeny of Scarabaeoidea Insecta Coleoptera inferred fro  a321-3480 v1810aGeotrupidae10aglaphyridae10ahybosoridae10aScarabaeidae1 aGrebennikov, Vasily, V.1 aScholtz, Clarke, H.  uhttps://scarabnet.myspecies.info/basal-phylogeny-scarabaeoidea-insecta-coleoptera-inferred-larval-morphology01527nas a2200241   4500008004100000245010800041210006900149300001200218490000700230520062900237653001400866653001300880653001600893653001600909653002600925653001300951653001800964653001900982653010201001100002201103700002401125856013601149       1986                        eng d00aChanges in a Texas USA Dung Beetle Community between 1975 and 1985 Coleoptera Scarabaeidae Scarabaeinae0 aChanges in a Texas USA Dung Beetle Community between 1975 and 19  a313-3160 v403 aA quantitative survey of dung beetles in May 1985 at Welder Wildlife Refuge, Sinton, Texas, resulted in 15 species with the two most common species, the introduced African Onthophagus gazella (Fab.) and the native O. alluvius H. & C., comprising 49% of the total samples. Neither of these was recorded during a similar survey 10 years previously. Three uncommon species recorded in the earlier survey were not taken in 1985. The appearance at Welder of O. gazella since 1975 illustrates a successful introduction, whereas the appearance of O. alluvius seems to be the effect of a well-documented increase in annual rainfall.10aAnimalia-10aAnimals-10aArthropoda-10aArthropods-10aColeoptera-: Insecta-10aInsects-10aInvertebrata-10aInvertebrates-10aonthophagus-gazella onthophagus-alluvius species diversity species abundance importation rainfall1 aHowden, Henry, F.1 aScholtz, Clarke, H.  uhttps://scarabnet.myspecies.info/changes-texas-usa-dung-beetle-community-between-1975-and-1985-coleoptera-scarabaeidae-scarabaeinae01682nas a2200145   4500008004100000245016600041210006900207300001200276490000700288520104400295100001501339700002001354700002401374856013801398       1999                        eng d00aSurvival and reproduction of Euoniticellus intermedius (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in dung following application of cypermethrin and flumethrin pour-ons to cattle0 aSurvival and reproduction of Euoniticellus intermedius Coleopter  a543-5480 v893 aCattle were treated with cypermethrin and flumethrin pour-ons to determine possible adverse effects of residues in dung on the survival, fecundity and fertility of Euoniticellus intermedius (Reiche). Dung from both cypermethrin- and flumethrin-treated cattle was collected 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after treatment, with an untreated control for each. Mortality of adult E. intermedius exposed to dung collected from cypermethrin-treated cattle two to seven days after treatment ranged between 80% and 100%. Cypermethrin had no effect on adult and immature survival or on fecundity and fertility of E. intermediusexposed to dung collected 1, 14, 21 and 28 days after treatment. Dung collected from flumethrin-treated cattle had no apparent effect on adult survival, egg production, immature survival, adult emergence, fecundity and fertility of E. intermedius, except at seven days after treatment, when fewer brood balls were produced and consequently fewer adults emerged from dung from treated animals compared with the control.1 aKruger, K.1 aLukhele, O., M.1 aScholtz, Clarke, H.  uhttps://scarabnet.myspecies.info/survival-and-reproduction-euoniticellus-intermedius-coleoptera-scarabaeidae-dung-following-applicati00732nas a2200181   4500008004100000245016100041210006900202300001200271490000700283653001600290653001600306653001400322653001400336653002300350100001500373700002400388856013800412       1997                        eng d00aLethal and sublethal effects of ivermectin on the dung-breeding beetles Euoniticellus intermedius (Reiche) and Onitis alexis Klug (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)0 aLethal and sublethal effects of ivermectin on the dungbreeding b  a123-1310 v6110aavermectins10adung beetle10afecundity10afertility10alarval development1 aKruger, K.1 aScholtz, Clarke, H.  uhttps://scarabnet.myspecies.info/lethal-and-sublethal-effects-ivermectin-dung-breeding-beetles-euoniticellus-intermedius-reiche-and-o01674nas a2200193   4500008004100000245014400041210006900185300001200254490000600266520093500272653001601207653003001223653001701253653001701270653001601287100001501303700002401318856013801342       1997                        eng d00aPossible risk posed by drift of the insect growth regulator pyriproxyfen to the rare dung beetle Circellium bacchus (F.) in a national park0 aPossible risk posed by drift of the insect growth regulator pyri  a215-2200 v13 aAerial drift of the juvenile hormone analogue (JHA), pyriproxyfen (Nemesis 100 ec®), used to control red scale on citrus on farms close to the Addo Elephant National Park in South Africa, was suspected of causing a decline in a population of the rare dung beetle species Circellium bacchus(F.) in the Park. The effect of pyriproxyfen on fertility and egg viability, as well as larval, pupal and callow adult development of C. bacchuswas studied in a laboratory assay. Adult beetles, soil surface and the initial dung supply were exposed to pyriproxyfen applied as a spray at 10 times less than the concentration used commercially to simulate spray drift. Exposure of adult beetles to pyriproxyfen did not affect egg production or the viability of eggs, nor did the compound have adverse effects on immature development, indicating that pyriproxyfen is unlikely to be the cause of the observed population depression of C. bacchus.10adevelopment10ajuvenile hormone analogue10areproduction10aScarabaeidae10aspray drift1 aKruger, K.1 aScholtz, Clarke, H.  uhttps://scarabnet.myspecies.info/possible-risk-posed-drift-insect-growth-regulator-pyriproxyfen-rare-dung-beetle-circellium-bacchus-f00745nas a2200181   4500008004100000245016300041210006900204300001200273490000700285653001500292653001600307653001600323653002200339653002500361100001500386700002400401856013800425       1998                        eng d00aChanges in the structure of dung insect communities after ivermectin usage in a grasslansd  ecosystem. II. Impact of ivermectin under high-rainfall conditions0 aChanges in the structure of dung insect communities after iverme  a439-4510 v1910aavermectin10adung beetle10aecotoxicity10alonger-term study10anon-target organisms1 aKruger, K.1 aScholtz, Clarke, H.  uhttps://scarabnet.myspecies.info/changes-structure-dung-insect-communities-after-ivermectin-usage-grasslansd-ecosystem-ii-impact-iver02098nas a2200217   4500008004100000245014300041210006900184300001200253490000700265520132100272653002301593653001701616653001201633653001101645653001501656100001501671700001701686700001501703700002401718856013801742       2006                        eng d00aBiology and ecology of Circellium bacchus (Fabricius 1781) (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae), a South African dung beetle of conservation concern0 aBiology and ecology of Circellium bacchus Fabricius 1781 Coleopt  a185-2070 v193 aThe dung beetle Circelliuin bacchus (Fabricius 1781) was once widespread in southern Abica but is now restricted to a few isolated fragments in the south of the Western and Eastern Cape Provinces of South Africa, with the largest pop- ulation present in the Addo Elephant National Park (AENP). The beetles' activity is governed by precipitation and temperature; 18-26 "C and high relative humid- ity favour activity. The beetles are generalist dung feeders and breeders but have clear preferences for elephant dung for feeding, and buffalo dung for breeding. Fecundity is the lowest recorded for a dung beetle, with a maximum of two but on average only one progeny produced per year. The species is unique amongst ball-rolling (ielecoprid) dung beetles in that females initiate, form and roll brood balls, something carried out exclusively by males in other species. The beetles are habitat specialisrs prefening dense undisturbed vegetation to more open, dis- turbed vegetation. The species should be considered rare because of its narrow geographical range, restricted biotope specificity and biological attributes. Fur- thermore, ii complies with most of the characteristics that increase its likelihood of endangerment or extinction and qualifies as "vulnerable" according to IUCN criteria of threatened species.10aCircellrum bacchus10aconservation10aecology10ascarab10avulnerable1 aKryger, U.1 aCole, K., S.1 aTukker, R.1 aScholtz, Clarke, H.  uhttps://scarabnet.myspecies.info/biology-and-ecology-circellium-bacchus-fabricius-1781-coleoptera-scarabaeidae-south-african-dung-bee01806nas a2200241   4500008004100000245017600041210006900217300001200286490000700298520090600305653002101211653001301232653001701245653001701262653002801279653003001307653001501337100001501352700001701367700001801384700002401402856013801426       2006                        eng d00aEffects of cattle treatment with a cypermethrin/cymiazol spray on survival and reproduction of the dung beetle species Euoniticellus intermedius (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)0 aEffects of cattle treatment with a cypermethrincymiazol spray on  a597-6030 v963 aIn a bioassay to determine non-target ecotoxicological effects of a pyrethroid spray (Ektoban1) on dung beetles, dung from both cypermethrin/cymiazol- treated and control cattle was collected one, two, three, five, seven, 14, 21 and 28 days after treatment and fed to a treatment and control group (respectively) of beetles of the species Euoniticellus intermedius (Reiche). This was done to assess whether a spray formulation of cypermethrin may affect dung beetles differently than previously tested pour-on formulations. Following three beetle generations for two weeks each, the experiment retrieved no significant differences in adult or larval survival, egg production, fecundity and fertility between the control and treatment group. These results demonstrated that the used spray formulation of cypermethrin is likely to be far less detrimental to dung beetles than previously tested pour-ons.10aantiparasiticide10acymiazol10acypermethrin10aDung beetles10aecotoxicological effect10aEuoniticellus intermedius10apyrethroid1 aKryger, U.1 aDeschodt, C.1 aDavis, A., L.1 aScholtz, Clarke, H.  uhttps://scarabnet.myspecies.info/effects-cattle-treatment-cypermethrincymiazol-spray-survival-and-reproduction-dung-beetle-species-eu01838nas a2200241   4500008004100000245014500041210006900186300001200255490000800267520096100275653001401236653002301250653002601273653001601299653002801315653001401343653002401357100001501381700001701396700002101413700002401434856013801458       2007                        eng d00aEffects of cattle treatment with a fluazuron pour-on on survival and reproduction of the dung beetle species Onthophagus gazella (Fabricius)0 aEffects of cattle treatment with a fluazuron pouron on survival   a380-3840 v1433 aWhile resistance against many other classes of acaricides has been described, products containing benzoylphenyl urea are currently still successfully used against the pesticide-resistant blue tick (Boophilus decoloratus) in South Africa. In order to assess any adverse impact of these tickicides on the important dung beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) fauna, a bioassay was undertaken on the ecotoxicological effects of a fluazuron (benzoylphenyl urea) pour-on formulation (Acatak1) on the survival and reproduction of the African dung beetles species Onthophagus gazella (Fabricius). The experiment yielded no significant differences in adult or larval survival, egg production, fecundity and fertility between the control and treatment group following three beetle generations over. These results suggested that treatment of cattle with the fluazuron pour-on formulation Acatak1 was not detrimental to the selected dung beetle species in any notable way.10aAcaricide10aBenzoylphenyl urea10aBoophilus decoloratus10adung beetle10aecotoxicological effect10aFluazuron10aOnthophagus gazella1 aKryger, U.1 aDeschodt, C.1 aDavis, A., L. V.1 aScholtz, Clarke, H.  uhttps://scarabnet.myspecies.info/effects-cattle-treatment-fluazuron-pour-survival-and-reproduction-dung-beetle-species-onthophagus-ga02053nas a2200229   4500008004100000245012800041210006900169300001200238490000700250520120200257653002401459653000901483653001801492653002301510653002601533653003901559100002301598700002401621700002001645700002001665856013801685       2008                        eng d00aPre- and post-copulatory mate selection mechanisms in an african dung beetle, Circellium bacchus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)0 aPre and postcopulatory mate selection mechanisms in an african d  a111-1220 v213 aFemales of most taxa mate selectively. Mate selection may be: (1) pre- copulatory, involving active female choice and male-male competition, and (2) post- copulatory, with cryptic female choice and sperm competition. Because female dung beetles (Circellium bacchus) invest heavily in parental care by ball-rolling and remaining with developing larva they are, therefore, expected to be highly selective when mating. Mate choice in this species was investigated via behavioral observations and investigations of genital allometry of both sexes, leading to conclusions about the mechanisms of, and male characteristics important in, female choice. Male–male competition seems to be crucial in mate selection of C. bacchus, although the females appeared to show no active mate choice. There is a negative allometric relationship between genital size and body size of males as predicted by the ‘one size fits all’ hypothesis (where males have genitalia that fit average-sized females). For the females, no relationship was found between genital size and body size. This might be as a result of the non-sclerotized nature of female genitalia, which may allow for greater morphological plasticity.10agenital allometry .10amale10amate choice .10aSexual selection .10a–male competition .10a‘one size fits all’ hypothesis1 aLe Roux, Elizabeth1 aScholtz, Clarke, H.1 aKinahan, A., A.1 aBateman, P., W.  uhttps://scarabnet.myspecies.info/pre-and-post-copulatory-mate-selection-mechanisms-african-dung-beetle-circellium-bacchus-coleoptera-02328nas a2200229   4500008004100000245015900041210006900200300001200269490000700281520149400288653001701782653001701799653002201816653002101838653001201859653001701871653001701888653001601905100001501921700002401936856013801960       2005                        eng d00aAre ball-rolling (Scarabaeini, Gymnopleurini, Sisyphini) and tunnelling scarabaeine dung beetles equally choosy about the size of ingested dung particles?0 aAre ballrolling Scarabaeini Gymnopleurini Sisyphini and tunnelli  a700-7050 v303 a1. The maximum size of ingested particles was determined in 11 species of ball-rolling, adult dung beetle (Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) by mixing small latex or glass balls of known diameter into their food. The tribes Scarabaeini, Gymnopleurini, and Sisyphini (four, four, and three species respec- tively) were represented, with mean body sizes ranging from 0.33 to 4.0 g fresh weight. 2. Only particles with maximum diameters of 4–85 mm were ingested. Hence rollers, like other known beetles feeding on fresh dung, filter out larger, indiges- tible plant fragments and confine ingestion to small particles of higher nutritional value. 3. The maximum diameter of ingested particles increased significantly with body weight, whereas taxon (tribe) had no additional effect. Because big rollers accept larger particles than do tunnellers (which make dung stores for feeding and breeding in the soil immediately below the pat) of similar weight, the slope of the diameter-against-weight regression for rollers was significantly higher than that found earlier for tunnellers. 4. An explanation could be that a typical food ball made by a roller is con- siderably smaller than the amount of dung available to a feeding tunneller of the same size. If the roller were as choosy about particle size as the tunneller, it might not get enough food. This applies to large rollers in particular because their food balls contain a higher proportion of coarse fibres than those made by small species. 10aBall-rollers10aDung beetles10afood exploitation10aparticle feeding10arollers10aScarabaeidae10aScarabaeinae10atelecoprids1 aHolter, P.1 aScholtz, Clarke, H.  uhttps://scarabnet.myspecies.info/are-ball-rolling-scarabaeini-gymnopleurini-sisyphini-and-tunnelling-scarabaeine-dung-beetles-equally00722nas a2200205   4500008004100000245003000041210002900071300001200100490000700112520018200119653002300301653001400324653001700338653002200355653001300377653002200390100001800412700002400430856006200454       2007                        eng d00aWhat do dung beetles eat?0 aWhat do dung beetles eat  a690-6970 v323 a    1.   Most adult coprophagous beetles feed on fresh dung of mammalian herbivores, confining ingestion to small particles with measured maximum diameters from 2 – 5 to 130  10aAssimilable carbon10aC/N ratio10acoprophagous10afood exploitation10anitrogen10aselective feeding1 aHolter, Peter1 aScholtz, Clarke, H.  uhttps://scarabnet.myspecies.info/what-do-dung-beetles-eat00768nas a2200205   4500008004100000245011400041210006900155300001200224490000700236653001600243653002400259653002200283653002300305653001200328653001700340100001800357700002400375700002500399856013800424       2002                        eng d00aDung feeding in adult scarabaeines (tunnellers and endocoprids): even large dung beetles eat small particles.0 aDung feeding in adult scarabaeines tunnellers and endocoprids ev  a169-1760 v2710adung beetle10aecological function10aecosystem service10aecosystem services10afeeding10aScarabaeidae1 aHolter, Peter1 aScholtz, Clarke, H.1 aWardhaugh, Keith, G.  uhttps://scarabnet.myspecies.info/dung-feeding-adult-scarabaeines-tunnellers-and-endocoprids-even-large-dung-beetles-eat-small-particl00566nas a2200133   4500008004100000245010800041210006900149300001000218490000700228100001900235700002500254700002400279856012900303       2004                        eng d00aA phylogenetic analysis of dung beetles (Scarabaeinae: Scarabaeidae): unrolling an evolutionary history0 aphylogenetic analysis of dung beetles Scarabaeinae Scarabaeidae   a53-880 v181 aPhilips, Keith1 aPretorius, Etheresia1 aScholtz, Clarke, H.  uhttps://scarabnet.myspecies.info/phylogenetic-analysis-dung-beetles-scarabaeinae-scarabaeidae-unrolling-evolutionary-history02034nas a2200253   4500008004100000020001400041245011100055210006900166300001200235490000700247520117100254653002301425653001501448653002801463653001801491653002001509653002501529653001801554653001701572100002101589700001901610700002401629856012701653       2000                        eng d  a0214-135300aGeometric morphometrics, the metendosternite and its use in phylogenetics of the Scarabaeinae (Coleoptera)0 aGeometric morphometrics the metendosternite and its use in phylo  a125-1480 v143 aResults from a geometric morphometric and cladistic analysis of 20 species (including 4 flightless species) of the Scarabaeinae (Scarabaeidae: Coleoptera) were compared. The metendosternite has largely been neglected in past morphological studies but proved to be very useful because of its easily identifiable landmarks. These landmarks were analyzed in a geometric morphometric analysis, where a Procrustes distance matrix and a dendrogram were produced. A relative warp analysis was also performed on the data and the results of the first two relative warps plotted against one another. The dendrogram clearly distinguished the flightless species from the flighted and it is hypothesized that three lineages of flightless taxa convergently underwent similar alterations in the reduction in metendosternite size. The cladistics study utilized 200 internal and external morphological characters, including 20 based on the metendosternite. Comparison of the cladogram with the dendrogram indicates that geometric morphometrics is a useful technique to hypothesize relationships, especially with structures that may be difficult to interpret in a cladistic analysis. 10acladistic analysis10aCOLEOPTERA10ageometric morphometrics10alandmark data10ametendosternite10aProcrustes distance.10arelative warp10aScarabaeinae1 aPretorius, Resia1 aPhilips, Keith1 aScholtz, Clarke, H.  uhttps://scarabnet.myspecies.info/geometric-morphometrics-metendosternite-and-its-use-phylogenetics-scarabaeinae-coleoptera02112nas a2200229   4500008004100000245015000041210006900191300001200260490000700272520128500279653001701564653001501581653001601596653001701612653001701629653001101646653000801657100002401665700002701689700002801716856013801744       2004                        eng d00aDung beetle (Scarabaeus (Pachysoma)) biology and immature stages: reversal to ancestral states under deset conditions (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)?0 aDung beetle Scarabaeus Pachysoma biology and immature stages rev  a453-4600 v833 aThe unique feeding biology of the unusual flightless Namib Desert dung beetle species belonging to Scarabaeus ( Pachysoma ) MacLeay (Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) has been studied in the past but in this report we document breeding biology, larval feeding and immature morphology for the first time. Females provision burrows with frag- ments of dry herbivore dung and detritus, in which the larvae develop and on which they feed. This is a novel devi- ation, and a probable reversal to the ancestral state, from the obligatory brood ball constructed from wet dung in which scarab larvae usually develop. The free-living larvae and pupae have several unique attributes that distin- guish them from relatives that develop within the confines of a brood ball and provide additional support for mono- phyly of the group. Many of these also appear as reversals to a probable ancestral condition. Unique larval characters include a left mandible with two teeth, the absence of a ‘coprine’ hump, small spiracles, and two- or indistinctly three- segmented antennae. Those unique to the pupa are the presence of peculiar prothoracic projections, the absence of lateral tergal supporting projections on the abdomen, and the perpendicular elytra and wings relative to the median bodyline.10aBall-rollers10aflightless10afree-living10amonophyletic10anamib desert10aunique10a–1 aScholtz, Clarke, H.1 aHarrison, James, du G.1 aGrebennikov, Vasily, V.  uhttps://scarabnet.myspecies.info/dung-beetle-scarabaeus-pachysoma-biology-and-immature-stages-reversal-ancestral-states-under-deset-c03102nas a2200265   4500008004100000245011000041210006900151300001000220490000700230520221500237653001102452653001702463653001502480653002502495653001202520653002202532653001702554653001402571653001702585653002802602100002402630700002402654700002702678856013102705       2005                        eng d00aPhylogeography of the Namib Desert dung beetles Scarabaeus (Pachysoma) MacLeay (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)0 aPhylogeography of the Namib Desert dung beetles Scarabaeus Pachy  a75-840 v323 aAim Namib biogeography in many instances remains reliant on advanced and detailed systematic studies. This study attempts to combine molecular phylogenetic data, geology and palaeo-climatic data to (i) resolve the relationships of the 13 morphological species of Scarabaeus (Pachysoma) and (ii) relate their evolution to past climatic and geological events. Location South Africa and Namibia. Methods Sequencing of a 1197 bp segment of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene of the 13 species within Scarabaeus (Pachysoma) was undertaken. Analyses performed included Parsimony and Maximum Likelihood as well as imposing a molecular clock. Results The molecular phylogeny showed strong support for 11 of the 13 morphological species. The remaining two species, S. (P.) glentoni and S. (P.) hippocrates, formed a complex and could not be assigned specific status on the basis of the COI gene phylogeny. Strong support for the three species formerly classified within the genus Neopachysoma was consistently obtained. The subgenus appears to have arisen c. 2.9 Ma. Species within the subgenus arose at different times, with the common ancestor to Neopachysoma and the hippocrates complex having evolved 2.65 and 2.4 Ma, respectively. Scarabaeus (P.) denticollis, S. (P.) rotundigenus, S. (P.) rodriguesi and S. (P.) schinzi are some of the youngest species, having diverged between 2 million and 600,000 years ago. Main conclusions Scarabaeus (Pachysoma) is a derived monophyletic clade within the Scarabaeini. The subgenus appears to be young in comparison with the age of the Namib Desert, which dates back to the Miocene (c. 15 Ma). The psammophilous taxa are shown to disperse with their substratum and habitat, barchan dunes. Clear south/north evolutionary gradients can be seen within the species of this subgenus, which are consistent with the unidirectional wind regime. Species with a suite of mostly plesiomorphic characters have a southerly distribution while their derived psammophilous relatives have central to northern Namib distributions. Major rivers such as the Orange, Buffels and Holgat appear to be gene barriers to certain species as well as areas of origin of speciation events. 10aAptery10abiogeography10aCOLEOPTERA10acytochrome oxidase I10aendemic10amitochondrial DNA10anamib desert10aphylogeny10aScarabaeidae10aScarabaeus (Pachysoma).1 aSole, Catherine, L.1 aScholtz, Clarke, H.1 aBastos, Armanda, D. S.  uhttps://scarabnet.myspecies.info/phylogeography-namib-desert-dung-beetles-scarabaeus-pachysoma-macleay-coleoptera-scarabaeidae02287nas a2200205   4500008004100000245011600041210006900157300001200226490000700238520154400245653002101789653001501810653001301825653001701838653002501855100001901880700002501899700002401924856013301948       2008                        eng d00aTrophic associations of a dung beetle assemblage (Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) in a woodland savanna of Botswana0 aTrophic associations of a dung beetle assemblage Scarabaeidae Sc  a431-4410 v373 aSpecies richness and abundance of dung beetles were assessed across a range of bait types that acted as surrogates for the food resources available in Chobe National Park, Botswana. These bait types were comprised of the dung of pig (omnivore), cattle (ruminant herbivore dropping Þne-Þberd pads), sheep (pellet-dropping ruminant herbivore), and elephant (monogastric, nonru- minant herbivore producing coarse-Þbered droppings), and chicken livers (carrion). Species richness was similar between traps baited with pig, cattle, and elephant dung but was relatively lower in those baited with sheep dung and carrion. In traps baited with pig dung, abundance was relatively greater than in all other bait types. A cluster analysis of species abundance distributions for the 30 most abundant species identiÞed four different patterns of bait type association at a 60% level of similarity. All but 1 of the 15 species in cluster A were attracted primarily to the dung of omnivores and pad-dropping ruminant herbivores (pig and cattle). All seven species of cluster B were attracted primarily to coarse-Þbered, nonruminant herbivore dung (elephant). All four species of cluster C were primarily carrion and pig dung associated, whereas all four species of cluster D were carrion specialists. In conclusion, the most abundant species were attracted to all bait types, but most species were largely specialized to different dung types or carrion, with dung attracting the majority of the fauna in terms of both species richness and abundance.10aAfrican savannas10abait types10aBotswana10aScarabaeinae10atrophic associations1 aTshikae, Power1 aDavis, Adrian, L. V.1 aScholtz, Clarke, H.  uhttps://scarabnet.myspecies.info/trophic-associations-dung-beetle-assemblage-scarabaeidae-scarabaeinae-woodland-savanna-botswana