00596nas a2200121   4500008004100000245010000041210006900141300001000210490000700220520011200227100001900339856011600358       1998                        eng d00aOff-target effects of ivermectin on insects and on dung degradation in southern Alberta, Canada0 aOfftarget effects of ivermectin on insects and on dung degradati  a25-350 v883 aInsect activity was significantly reduced in dung from cattle treated with a recommended topical dose (500 1 aFloate, K., D.  uhttps://scarabnet.myspecies.info/target-effects-ivermectin-insects-and-dung-degradation-southern-alberta-canada02218nas a2200121   4500008004100000245012100041210006900162300001200231490000700243520169500250100001901945856013201964       1998                        eng d00aDoes a repellent effect contribute to reduced levels of insect activity in dung from cattle treated with ivermectin?0 aDoes a repellent effect contribute to reduced levels of insect a  a291-2970 v883 aA two-year pitfall trapping study was performed to test the preference of coprophilous beetles (Hydrophilidae, Scarabaeidae, Staphylinidae) for dung from untreated cattle versus dung from cattle treated topically one or four weeks previously with a recommended dose of ivermectin in a pour-on formulation. In 1994, significantly more Aphodius fimetarius (Linnaeus) and A. distinctus (O.F. Mu ̈ ller) at each of two sites were collected with dung from treated cattle. No differences were detected for other taxa. In 1995, significantly fewer individuals of ten taxa, including A. fimetarius and A. distinctus , were collected with dung from treated cattle. No differences were detected for other taxa. A change in cattle diet may have altered levels of faecal residues, thereby changing beetle preferences between years. Comparisons between periods of spring and autumn activity identified a change in seasonal preferences for at least some species. Similar numbers of Onthophagus nuchicornis Linnaeus and of A. fimetarius were collected in spring with dung from treated or untreated cattle, but significantly more individuals of both taxa were collected in autumn with dung from untreated cattle. In contrast, the preference of Aphodius prodromus Brahm for dung from treated cattle was unchanged between spring and autumn. These results show that ivermectin therapy does influence the colonization of dung from treated cattle. However, the nature of this influence is confounded by extraneous factors. Until such time that these factors can be accounted for, general predictions regarding the effect of ivermectin therapy on the colonization of dung by coprophilous insects are premature. 1 aFloate, K., D.  uhttps://scarabnet.myspecies.info/does-repellent-effect-contribute-reduced-levels-insect-activity-dung-cattle-treated-ivermectin00491nas a2200121   4500008004100000245009700041210006900138260000800207300001200215490000700227100001900234856011600253       1999                        eng d00aEnvironmental concerns regarding the use of the ivermectin sustained-release bolus in cattle0 aEnvironmental concerns regarding the use of the ivermectin susta  cMar  a151-1520 v401 aFloate, K., D.  uhttps://scarabnet.myspecies.info/environmental-concerns-regarding-use-ivermectin-sustained-release-bolus-cattle01835nas a2200121   4500008004100000245008200041210006900123300000900192490000700201520137800208100001901586856010801605       2006                        eng d00aEndectocide use in cattle and fecal residues: environmental effects in Canada0 aEndectocide use in cattle and fecal residues environmental effec  a1-100 v703 aEndectocides, or macrocyclic lactones, are veterinary parasiticides used globally to control nematodes and arthropods affecting livestock. Cattle treated with these products fecally excrete residues that are toxic to dung-inhabiting insects, including species that accelerate dung degradation. Concerns have been raised that use of endectocides may reduce insect diversity and cause the accumulation of undegraded dung on pastures. This article synthesizes the results of studies performed to assess the non- target effects of endectocide use in Canada. Residues reduce insect activity in dung of treated cattle for weeks to months after application. The duration of effect is influenced by several factors, including insect species and product. For example, in terms of toxicity, doramectin  ivermectin  eprinomectin  moxidectin. Reduced insect activity may retard dung degradation. Within the framework of regional conditions and management practices, endectocide use in Canada is unlikely to pose a signifi- cant widespread threat to the environment. Nevertheless, nontarget effects may be of concern to individual cow–calf operators, particularly those treating cattle in the spring. This synthesis, the first assessment of the nontarget effects of endectocide use in Canada, emphasizes the importance of presenting findings within an appropriate context.1 aFloate, K., D.  uhttps://scarabnet.myspecies.info/endectocide-use-cattle-and-fecal-residues-environmental-effects-canada03154nas a2200229   4500008004100000245011100041210006900152300001200221490000700233520238800240653001502628653001502643653000902658653001702667653002002684653001502704653001502719653002302734653001702757100001902774856013102793       2007                        eng d00aEndectocide residues affect insect attraction to dung from treated cattle: implications for toxicity tests0 aEndectocide residues affect insect attraction to dung from treat  a312-3220 v213 aA 3-year study was performed in southern Alberta, Canada to assess the ef- fect of endectocide residues on the attractiveness of cattle dung to colonizing insects. In 2003 and 2004, insect captures were compared between pitfall traps baited with dung of untreated cattle and paired traps baited with dung of cattle that had been treated 7 days previously with topically applied doramectin, eprinomectin, ivermectin or moxidectin. Faecal residues associated with each compound affected insect captures in both spring and autumn of each year. Effects were detected ( P  < 0.05) for a total of 94 cases  representing 27 insect taxa from 13 families in three orders (Coleoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera). Two-fold differences in captures were common. Up to six-fold differ- ences were observed. Eleven cases of attraction and 11 cases of repellency were associ- ated with residues of doramectin. Eprinomectin tended to repel insects, with decreased captures for 19 of 29 cases of effect. Ivermectin showed a strong attractive effect, with increased captures for 17 of 25 cases. Moxidectin also showed a strong attractive effect, with increased captures for 17 of 18 cases. Comparisons between compounds suggested that results for doramectin best predicted results for eprinomectin and vice versa. In 2005, insect captures were compared between pitfall traps baited with dung of untreated cattle and traps baited with dung from cattle treated 3, 7 or 14 days previously with topically applied doramectin. Effects were detected in 14 cases plus one case of near significance ( P  = 0.053). Significant differences between control vs. days 3, 7 and/or 14 dung were detected in nine cases. Residues enhanced captures in seven of these cases. Day 14 dung affected captures in six of these cases. This study shows that endec- tocide residues can affect the number of insects attracted to colonize and oviposit in dung. Hence, the emergence of their offspring from field-colonized dung of untreated vs. endectocide-treated cattle should not be used as a measure of residue toxicity per se, but rather as a measure of  ‘ insect activity ’ . Insect activity is a composite measure of residue toxicity, the number and species composition of insect colonists, and the mortal- ity factors (e.g. predation, parasitism, competition) associated with the co-occurrence of these species in the dung pat.10aattraction10adoramectin10aDung10aeprinomectin10afaecal residues10aIVERMECTIN10amoxidectin10anon-target effects10aScarabaeidae1 aFloate, K., D.  uhttps://scarabnet.myspecies.info/endectocide-residues-affect-insect-attraction-dung-treated-cattle-implications-toxicity-tests02173nas a2200145   4500008004100000245011000041210006900151300001200220490000700232520161000239100001901849700002001868700001601888856012301904       2002                        eng d00aReductions of non-pest insects in dung of cattle treated with endectocides: a comparison of four products0 aReductions of nonpest insects in dung of cattle treated with end  a471-4810 v923 aPour-on formulations of four endectocide products were compared to assess the effect of faecal residues on insects developing in naturally-colonized dung of treated cattle. In each of three independent experiments, suppression of insects was associated with application of doramectin, eprinomectin and ivermectin, but no effect was observed for moxidectin. When data were combined across experiments to increase sample sizes, suppression of insects was observed for each compound, with the least effect being observed for moxidectin. Based on the number of species affected and duration of suppression, doramectin > ivermectin > eprinomectin >> moxidectin were ranked in descending order of adverse effect. Asecond set of three independent experiments was performed to assess the effect of endectocide treatment on dung degradation. Delayed degradation was observed for dung of cattle treated with doramectin, eprinomectin and moxidectin in the first experiment. No effect of treatment was detected in the second experiment. An effect of moxidectin was detected in the third experiment, but differences could not be detected with subsequent post-hoc tests. When data were combined across experiments to increase sample sizes, delayed degradation was detected only for eprinomectin. The apparent discrepancy between the low effect of moxidectin on insects versus its effect of dung degradation suggests the confounding action of other unidentified factors. Results of the current study indicate that use of moxidectin is least likely to affect the natural assemblage of insects associated with cattle dung.1 aFloate, K., D.1 aColwell, D., D.1 aFox, A., S.  uhttps://scarabnet.myspecies.info/reductions-non-pest-insects-dung-cattle-treated-endectocides-comparison-four-products01503nas a2200133   4500008004100000245015700041210006900198300001200267490000700279520091000286100001901196700001601215856013801231       1999                        eng d00aIndirect effects of ivermectin residues across trophic levels: Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae) and Muscidifurax zaraptor (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae)0 aIndirect effects of ivermectin residues across trophic levels Mu  a225-2290 v893 aCommon house flies, Musca domesticaLinnaeus, were reared to pupation with exposure to ivermectin, washed, and then exposed to parasitism by Muscidifurax zaraptorKogan & Legner. Pupae exposed to ≥0.25 ppm ivermectin produced 63% fewer parasitoids than did control pupae. Pupae exposed to 0.01 ppm ivermectin produced 23% more parasitoids. Exposure to 0.10 ppm ivermectin had no detectable effect. Treatments did not affect the developmental time of male or female F 1parasitoids. Treatments did not affect the production of adult F2progeny by F 1 females, nor the sex ratios of these offspring. This study documents an indirect effect of ivermectin residues across trophic levels. It identifies altered host quality as another mechanism by which faecal residues of ivermectin may affect insect activity in dung of treated cattle. The importance of this phenomenon under field conditions is undetermined. 1 aFloate, K., D.1 aFox, A., S.  uhttps://scarabnet.myspecies.info/indirect-effects-ivermectin-residues-across-trophic-levels-musca-domestica-diptera-muscidae-and-musc00607nas a2200133   4500008004100000245015700041210006900198260001200267300001200279490000800291100001900299700001700318856013800335       1998                        eng d00aSeasonal activity of dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) associated with cattle dung in southern Alberta and their geographic distribution in Canada0 aSeasonal activity of dung beetles Coleoptera Scarabaeidae associ  cMar/Apr  a131-1510 v1301 aFloate, K., D.1 aGill, B., D.  uhttps://scarabnet.myspecies.info/seasonal-activity-dung-beetles-coleoptera-scarabaeidae-associated-cattle-dung-southern-alberta-and-t00855nas a2200265   4500008004100000245008900041210006900130300001200199490000700211653001100218653001500229653001700244653001700261653002000278653002400298653001500322653002500337653001500362653002000377653002400397100001900421700002000440700002000460856010900480       2001                        eng d00aLarvicidal activity of endectocides against pest flies in the dung of treated cattle0 aLarvicidal activity of endectocides against pest flies in the du  a117-1200 v1510acanada10adoramectin10aendectocides10aeprinomectin10afaecal residues10aHaematobia irritans10aIVERMECTIN10amacrocyclic lactones10amoxidectin10aMusca domestica10aStomoxys calcitrans1 aFloate, K., D.1 aSpooner, R., W.1 aColwell, D., D.  uhttps://scarabnet.myspecies.info/larvicidal-activity-endectocides-against-pest-flies-dung-treated-cattle01144nas a2200217   4500008004100000245009300041210006900134300001200203490000700215520041400222653001000636653000900646653003100655653001400686653001400700100001900714700002500733700002800758700002500786856011500811       2005                        eng d00aFecal residues of Veterinary Parasiticides: nontarget effects in the Pasture environment0 aFecal residues of Veterinary Parasiticides nontarget effects in   a153-1790 v503 aResidues of veterinary parasiticides in dung of treated livestock have nontarget effects on dung-breeding insects and dung degradation. Here, we review the nature and extent of these effects, examine the potential risks associated with different classes of chemicals, and describe how greater awareness of these nontarget effects has resulted in regulatory changes in the registration of veterinary products. 10adrugs10aDung10aenvironmental consequences10aexcretion10alivestock1 aFloate, K., D.1 aWardhaugh, Keith, G.1 aBoxall, Alistair, B. A.1 aSherratt, Thomas, N.  uhttps://scarabnet.myspecies.info/fecal-residues-veterinary-parasiticides-nontarget-effects-pasture-environment