02938nas a2200325   4500008004100000245010900041210006900150260001000219300001200229490000800241520201400249653001802263653001602281653001602297653002002313653002302333653001702356653002302373653001902396653001102415653002702426653002302453653002502476653001302501653001102514100001602525700001802541700001902559856003402578       2003                        eng d00aDung beetle activity and the development of trichostrongylid eggs into infective larvae in cattle faeces0 aDung beetle activity and the development of trichostrongylid egg  cDec 1  a157-1630 v1183 aIn the perspective to reduce the use of antiparasitic drugs, any interaction between the processes that control the development of parasite eggs into infective larval stages (L3) in dung and the activities of different dung-breeding organisms becomes of interest. The objective of the present study was to determine whether dung beetle activity affected the development of parasite larvae in cattle dung. Faeces containing eggs of parasites (predominately Cooperia spp.) were pooled according to high (250-600 epg) or low (approx. 100 epg) egg counts. Experimental dung pats were formed for each category of faeces and to half of these pats, dung beetles (20 Aphodius rufipes, 20 A. scybalarius syn. rufus) were added and kept for 12 days at 21degreesC (+/-1degreesC) and 90% RH (+/-5% RH). Beetles were then removed and the pats were divided in two where half the pat was incubated for an additional 12 days at 21degreesC (+/-1degreesC) and 90% RH (+/-5% RH) and the other half was immediately analysed. A greater number of L3 were recovered from the dung subjected to beetle activity compared with control dung (P < 0.001). However, following an additional 12 days incubation of the dung, similar numbers of L3 were recovered from beetle-affected dung with high egg counts, whereas there were significantly greater numbers of L3 derived from the control dung (P < 0.001). There was no significant difference in L3 recovery in the two categories of pats (i.e. high and low nematode egg counts). The results indicate that activity by Aphodius spp. in fresh dung can optimise conditions for nematode development to the infective larval stage if favourable environmental conditions prevail. Such synergistic effect may be due to the fact that dung beetles used in this study are dung dwellers, i.e. no substantial amount of the dung is removed or burrowed as these beetles feed, lay their eggs and the larval development takes place in brood chambers inside the dung. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.10aAphodius spp.10aavermectins10acattle dung10acattle-nematoda10acooperia-oncophora10aDung beetles10afree-living stages10agrazing cattle10aimpact10aivermectin dung beetle10anematode parasites10aostertagia-ostertagi10aSURVIVAL10asweden1 aChirico, J.1 aWiktelius, S.1 aWaller, P., J.  u<Go to ISI>://00018739790001702926nas a2200325   4500008004100000245010900041210006900150260001000219300001200229490000800241520201400249653001802263653001602281653001602297653002002313653002302333653001702356653002302373653001902396653001102415653001502426653002302441653002502464653001302489653001102502100001602513700001802529700001902547856003402566       2003                        eng d00aDung beetle activity and the development of trichostrongylid eggs into infective larvae in cattle faeces0 aDung beetle activity and the development of trichostrongylid egg  cDec 1  a157-1630 v1183 aIn the perspective to reduce the use of antiparasitic drugs, any interaction between the processes that control the development of parasite eggs into infective larval stages (L3) in dung and the activities of different dung-breeding organisms becomes of interest. The objective of the present study was to determine whether dung beetle activity affected the development of parasite larvae in cattle dung. Faeces containing eggs of parasites (predominately Cooperia spp.) were pooled according to high (250-600 epg) or low (approx. 100 epg) egg counts. Experimental dung pats were formed for each category of faeces and to half of these pats, dung beetles (20 Aphodius rufipes, 20 A. scybalarius syn. rufus) were added and kept for 12 days at 21degreesC (+/-1degreesC) and 90% RH (+/-5% RH). Beetles were then removed and the pats were divided in two where half the pat was incubated for an additional 12 days at 21degreesC (+/-1degreesC) and 90% RH (+/-5% RH) and the other half was immediately analysed. A greater number of L3 were recovered from the dung subjected to beetle activity compared with control dung (P < 0.001). However, following an additional 12 days incubation of the dung, similar numbers of L3 were recovered from beetle-affected dung with high egg counts, whereas there were significantly greater numbers of L3 derived from the control dung (P < 0.001). There was no significant difference in L3 recovery in the two categories of pats (i.e. high and low nematode egg counts). The results indicate that activity by Aphodius spp. in fresh dung can optimise conditions for nematode development to the infective larval stage if favourable environmental conditions prevail. Such synergistic effect may be due to the fact that dung beetles used in this study are dung dwellers, i.e. no substantial amount of the dung is removed or burrowed as these beetles feed, lay their eggs and the larval development takes place in brood chambers inside the dung. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.10aAphodius spp.10aavermectins10acattle dung10acattle-nematoda10acooperia-oncophora10aDung beetles10afree-living stages10agrazing cattle10aimpact10aIVERMECTIN10anematode parasites10aostertagia-ostertagi10aSURVIVAL10asweden1 aChirico, J.1 aWiktelius, S.1 aWaller, P., J.  u<Go to ISI>://00018739790001700732nas a2200181   4500008004100000245016100041210006900202300001200271490000700283653001600290653001600306653001400322653001400336653002300350100001500373700002400388856013800412       1997                        eng d00aLethal and sublethal effects of ivermectin on the dung-breeding beetles Euoniticellus intermedius (Reiche) and Onitis alexis Klug (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)0 aLethal and sublethal effects of ivermectin on the dungbreeding b  a123-1310 v6110aavermectins10adung beetle10afecundity10afertility10alarval development1 aKruger, K.1 aScholtz, Clarke, H.  uhttps://scarabnet.myspecies.info/lethal-and-sublethal-effects-ivermectin-dung-breeding-beetles-euoniticellus-intermedius-reiche-and-o03458nas a2200289   4500008004100000245008300041210006900124260000800193300001200201490000700213520260100220653001802821653003402839653001602873653002502889653001602914653002402930653002602954653002502980653002303005653002403028653001503052653002803067653002003095100001903115856003403134       1997                        eng d00aEndoparasite control strategies: Implications for biodiversity of native fauna0 aEndoparasite control strategies Implications for biodiversity of  cFeb  a173-1800 v273 aEfforts to control the spectrum of diseases that affect humans, our crops and our animals pose problems which need to be debated openly. Widespread use of chemicals in such a broad sphere raises important concerns not only about safety for the users, consumers and target species, but especially about the not so obvious effects upon the ecosystems in which they are used. Some undetermined level of biological diversity is necessary to maintain ecological function and resilience. These, in turn, are necessary for generating the biological resources (trees, fish, wildlife, crops) and ecological services (watershed protection, air cleansing, climate stabilisation, erosion control) on which economic activity and human welfare depend, The driving forces behind decline of biodiversity stem entirely from human activities. Underlying causes are those resulting from the cultural and social factors associated with economic activities and lead to direct depletion of species, and degradation or destruction of habitats. The broad spectrum and high efficacy of the macrocyclic lactones against nematode and arthropod parasites of livestock and companion animals are unprecedented. Cattle, horses, sheep, swine, dogs-to varying degrees all are utilised by humans for economic gain. Detrimental impact upon non-target animals is considered acceptable in eradicating parasites because of their economic importance to commercial livestock production. Production will increase when these parasites are eliminated, but we remain oblivious to the long-term consequences of our actions, What are the ecological limits to rural economic activities? Decomposing animal faeces help to maintain our ecosystem by returning valuable nutrients to the soil. Dung fauna-fungi, yeast, bacteria, nematodes, insects and earthworms-play a non-conspicuous but important and varied role in this decomposition process, a role dependent upon many factors, especially environmental ones, Anthelmintics and pesticides are of considerable value in agriculture, but largely at an unevaluated cost to the greater environment, We have insufficient knowledge of the extent to which a spectrum of anthelmintics and pesticides affect ecological function and ecosystem resilience in our commercial plant and animal production systems. It is time we developed a genuine interest in avoiding ''the dialogue of the deaf'' that in the past has minimised interdisciplinary research between environmental ecology and commercial plant and animal production. (C) 1997 Australian Society for Parasitology. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.10aanthelmintics10aANTIPARASITIC DRUG IVERMECTIN10aavermectins10abiological diversity10acattle dung10aecological function10aecological resilience10amacrocyclic lactones10amusca-vetustissima10apastureland ecology10apesticides10ascarabaeine dung beetle10aTREATING CATTLE1 aSpratt, D., M.  u<Go to ISI>://A1997WN33300006