00829nas a2200229   4500008004100000245012800041210006900169300001000238490000600248653002700254653001300281653002000294653001500314653001800329653002100347100001800368700002000386700001700406700002000423700001800443856013800461       1995                        eng d00aEcophysiology, range contraction and survival of a geographically restricted African dung beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)0 aEcophysiology range contraction and survival of a geographically  a30-390 v910adesiccation resistance10aendemism10aflight activity10aflightless10ascarab beetle10athermoregulation1 aChown, S., L.1 aScholtz, C., H.1 aKlok, C., J.1 aJoubert, F., J.1 aColes, K., S.  uhttps://scarabnet.myspecies.info/ecophysiology-range-contraction-and-survival-geographically-restricted-african-dung-beetle-coleopter01892nas a2200373   4500008004100000245003400041210003400075260001100109300001200120490000800132520100400140653001201144653001201156653001701168653001301185653002001198653000901218653001601227653001001243653000901253653001601262653001201278653001701290653001601307653002701323653001601350653003501366653001101401100001401412700001801426700002001444700002001464856003401484       2004                        eng d00aLunar orientation in a beetle0 aLunar orientation in a beetle  cFeb 22  a361-3650 v2713 aMany animals use the sun's polarization pattern to orientate, but the dung beetle Scarabaeus zambesianus is the only animal so far known to orientate using the million times dimmer polarization pattern of the moonlit sky. We demonstrate the relative roles of the moon and the nocturnal polarized-light pattern for orientation. We find that artificially changing the position of the moon, or hiding the moon's disc from the beetle's field of view, generally did not influence its orientation performance. We thus conclude that the moon does not serve as the primary cue for orientation. The effective cue is the polarization pattern formed around the moon, which is more reliable for orientation. Polarization sensitivity ratios in two photoreceptors in the dorsal eye were found to be 7.7 and 12.9, similar to values recorded in diurnal navigators. These results agree with earlier results suggesting that the detection and analysis of polarized skylight is similar in diurnal and nocturnal insects.10abeetles10acompass10acompound eye10acrickets10adorsal rim area10aDung10adung beetle10alight10amoon10aorientation10apattern10apolarization10asandhoppers10aScarabaeus zambesianus10asensitivity10askylight polarization patterns10avision1 aDacke, M.1 aByrne, M., J.1 aScholtz, C., H.1 aWarrant, E., J.  u<Go to ISI>://00018902850000502927nas a2200337   4500008004100000245016300041210006900204260000800273300001200281490000700293520190100300653002002201653001602221653002702237653002702264653002802291653001702319653000802336653003002344653001202374653002702386653001702413653002202430653000902452653001502461100002102476700001802497700002002515700002002535856003402555       2000                        eng d00aA comparative analysis of metabolic rate in six Scarabaeus species (Coleoptera : Scarabaeidae) from southern Africa: further caveats when inferring adaptation0 acomparative analysis of metabolic rate in six Scarabaeus species  cApr  a553-5620 v463 aAlterations in VO2 or VCO2 are amongst the more polemical physiological adaptations ascribed to insects. Generally, metabolic rate is thought to be lowered in response to arid conditions, and elevated in species from cold environments compared to their more temperate relatives. However, most studies have rarely addressed the influence of both environmental factors in unison. To this end, standard metabolic rate and its temperature dependence were measured (at 4 degrees C intervals from 16 to 32 degrees C) in six Scarabaeus dung beetle species (three flightless, three volant) from a variety of habitats (warm, arid to cool, mesic) in southern Africa using flow-through respirometry. Mass specific VCO2 varied from 0.0158 mi g(-1) h(-1) at 16 degrees C to 0.1839 ml g(-1) h(-1) at 32 degrees C. The slopes of the rate temperature curves were similar for all species (Q(10)s of 2.14-2.84), although the intercepts differed significantly in the direction (warm arid to cool mesic): S. gariepinus<S. hippocrates<S. striatum<S. galenus<S. rusticus<S. westwoodi. General Linear models were fitted to the VCO2 data with treatment temperature, wing status, mean annual rainfall and mean annual temperature as the independent variables. For all six species, the best fit model included treatment temperature and wing status only. Flightless species had significantly lower VCO(2)s than did winged ones. Amongst the flightless species, S. gariepinus, from the driest area, had the lowest VCO2. Among the winged species it was impossible to determine whether environmental temperature or water availability were most important in influencing VCO2; both were significant. We conclude that investigations of metabolic rate modulation, and especially metabolic cold adaptation, in insects must take both temperature and water availability into account. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.10aacclimatisation10aconsumption10acricket gryllus-firmus10adesiccation resistance10adrosophila-melanogaster10agas-exchange10ains10ametabolic cold adaptation10aoxygen-10arespiratory metabolism10arespirometry10aunselected strain10aVCO210awater-loss1 aDavis, A., L. V.1 aChown, S., L.1 aMcGeoch, M., A.1 aScholtz, C., H.  u<Go to ISI>://00008584250001902342nas a2200265   4500008004100000245013400041210006900175260001200244300001200256490000700268520155900275653000801834653001301842653001501855653001601870653001201886653001501898653003001913653002501943653001501968100002101983700001802004700002002022856003402042       1999                        eng d00aDiscontinuous gas-exchange cycles in Scarabaeus dung beetles (Coleoptera : Scarabaeidae): Mass-scaling and temperature dependence0 aDiscontinuous gasexchange cycles in Scarabaeus dung beetles Cole  cSep-Oct  a555-5650 v723 aAlthough discontinuous gas exchange cycles (DGC) are known from many insects, the effects of body size and temperature on DGC have not been widely examined. Here, these effects are investigated in five Scarabaeus dung beetle species from mesic and xeric habitats. The investigation tests two hypotheses: that previous estimates of the scaling exponents for the DGC and its characteristics are more broadly applicable to insects, and that, in response to temperature, both DGC frequency and the quantity of CO2 emitted during the open (O) phase (O-phase emission volume) are modulated. Like previous workers, we find that (V) over dot (CO2) scaled as mass(0.968) and that O-phase emission volume scaled as mass(0.968) . However, temperature- associated increases in (V) over dot (CO2) (Q(10)'s of 2.19- 2.65) were modulated mostly by increases in DGC frequency since O-phase volumes remained constant across temperature. Flutter (F)-phase and O-phase durations were closely coupled to DGC duration, although the relationship between closed (C)-phase duration and DGC duration was less pronounced. We show that ventilation phase coefficients, previously considered a measure of the proportional duration of each phase of the DGC, calculated from the slopes of these relationships are a measure of change in phase duration with change in DGC duration and not a measure of the way in which total DGC duration is apportioned among phases. We suggest that proportions be used to estimate the contribution of each of the phases to the total duration of the DGC.10aant10aemission10aformicidae10ahymenoptera10ainsects10ametabolism10arespiratory transpiration10aventilatory patterns10awater-loss1 aDavis, A., L. V.1 aChown, S., L.1 aScholtz, C., H.  u<Go to ISI>://00008412810000500526nas a2200121   4500008004100000245010300041210006900144300001200213490000600225100002100231700002000252856013200272       2001                        eng d00aHistorical vs. ecological factors influencing global patterns of scarabaeine dung beetle diversity0 aHistorical vs ecological factors influencing global patterns of   a161-1740 v71 aDavis, A., L. V.1 aScholtz, C., H.  uhttps://scarabnet.myspecies.info/historical-vs-ecological-factors-influencing-global-patterns-scarabaeine-dung-beetle-diversity00579nas a2200133   4500008004100000245012200041210006900163300001000232490000700242653001700249100002100266700002000287856013800307       2004                        eng d00aLocal and regional species ranges of a dung beetle assemblage from the semi-arid Karoo/Kalahari margins, South Africa0 aLocal and regional species ranges of a dung beetle assemblage fr  a61-850 v5710aDung beetles1 aDavis, A., L. V.1 aScholtz, C., H.  uhttps://scarabnet.myspecies.info/local-and-regional-species-ranges-dung-beetle-assemblage-semi-arid-karookalahari-margins-south-afric00638nas a2200145   4500008004100000245014700041210006900188300001400257490000700271653001700278100002100295700002000316700001800336856013800354       1999                        eng d00aSpecies turnover, community boundaries and biogeographic composition of dung beetle assemblages across an altitudinal gradient in south Africa0 aSpecies turnover community boundaries and biogeographic composit  a1039-10550 v2610aDung beetles1 aDavis, A., L. V.1 aScholtz, C., H.1 aChown, S., L.  uhttps://scarabnet.myspecies.info/species-turnover-community-boundaries-and-biogeographic-composition-dung-beetle-assemblages-across-a02110nas a2200193   4500008004100000245012900041210006900170260001200239300001200251490000800263520150500271653001701776100002101793700002001814700001901834700001401853700001501867856003401882       2004                        eng d00aScarabaeine dung beetles as indicators of biodiversity, habitat transformation and pest control chemicals in agro-ecosystems0 aScarabaeine dung beetles as indicators of biodiversity habitat t  cSep-Oct  a415-4240 v1003 aAs integral members of pasture ecosystems in warmer climates, scarabaeine dung beetles are useful indicators both of high biodiversity in untransformed pastoral regions and of healthy pastures in untransformed or intensively farmed areas. We outline the use of dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) variously as biodiversity, ecological or environmental indicators at each of three spatial scales: regional, local, and pasture. At a regional scale, analyses of species distribution are useful both for determining regional boundaries, thus defining limits within which local comparisons are valid, and for defining group distribution centres, which facilitates comparison of biogeographical group compositions of local faunas. At a local scale, characteristic differences in species assemblage structure between natural and transformed habitats are useful both for conservation issues and for certification and marketing of high quality meat produced on natural pastures. At a pasture scale, species responses or assemblage structure may differ between dung containing residues and that lacking residues of avermectin or synthetic pyrethroid livestock pesticides. Thus, dung beetles are useful both for bioassaying the relative toxicity of old and newly developed veterinary products, and for developing more environmentally benign pest control practices. For each of the three spatial scales, we discuss goals, provide mini-reviews of pertinent results, and discuss further research.10aDung beetles1 aDavis, A., L. V.1 aScholtz, C., H.1 aDooley, P., W.1 aBharm, N.1 aKryger, U.  u<Go to ISI>://00022624050000505478nas a2200385   4500008004100000245005600041210005600097260000800153300001400161490000700175520450100182653002604683653001704709653002704726653001404753653001404767653002804781653000904809653001804818653001104836653001204847653002604859653001504885653001204900653001604912653001004928653001704938653002104955653001504976653000604991100002104997700002005018700002005038856003405058       2002                        eng d00aHistorical biogeography of scarabaeine dung beetles0 aHistorical biogeography of scarabaeine dung beetles  cSep  a1217-12560 v293 aAim (1) To review briefly global biogeographical patterns in dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae), a group whose evolutionary history has been dominated by ecological specialization to vertebrate dung in warmer climates. (2) To develop hypotheses accounting for the evolution of these patterns. Location Six principal biogeographical regions: Palaearctic, Oriental, Afrotropical, Australasia, Neotropical, Nearctic and five outlying islands or island groups harbouring endemic genera: Caribbean, Madagascar, Mauritius, New Caledonia, New Zealand. Methods Major patterns of tribal, generic and species distribution are investigated using cluster analysis, ordination, parsimony analysis of endemism and track analysis. Attempts are made to resolve biogeographical patterns with findings in the fields of plate tectonics, fossil and evolutionary history, plus phylogeny of both mammals and dung beetles. Results Because of conflict between published findings, it is uncertain at what point in time density of dinosaur dung, mammal dung or both became sufficiently great to select for specialized habits in dung beetles. However, biogeographical evidence would suggest a Mesozoic origin followed by further taxonomic radiation during the Cenozoic, possibly in response to the increasing size and diversity of mammalian dung types in South America and Afro-Eurasia. Proportional generic distribution in fourteen tribes and subtribes showed four principal biogeographical patterns: (1) southerly biased Gondwanaland distribution, (2) Americas or (3) Madagascar endemism, and (4) northerly biased, Afro-Eurasian- centred distribution with limited numbers of genera also widespread in other regions. Proportional composition of faunas in eleven geographical regions indicated three principal distributional centres, East Gondwanaland fragments, Afro- Eurasia and the Americas. These patterns probably result from three principal long-term range expansion and vicariance events (Mesozoic: Gondwanaland interchange and fragmentation, Cenozoic: Afro-Eurasian/Nearctic interchange and the Great American interchange). It is suggested that old vicariance caused by the Mesozoic fragmentation of Gondwanaland leads to a high degree of regional endemism at generic or tribal level across one or more Gondwanaland tracks. In contrast, it is suggested that the more recent Cenozoic range expansions occurred primarily towards northern regions leading to endemism primarily at species level. These Cenozoic radiations were facilitated by the re-linking of continents, either because of tectonic plate movements (Africa to Eurasia in Miocene), climatically induced sea-level change (Afro-Eurasia to Nearctic in Miocene and Pleistocene), or similar coupled with orogenics (Nearctic to Neotropical in Pliocene). Speciation has followed vicariance either because of climatic change or physical barrier development. These recent range expansions probably occurred principally along an Afro-Eurasian land track to the Nearctic and Neotropical and an Americas land track northwards from the Neotropics to the Nearctic, with limited dispersal from Eurasia to Australia, probably across a sea barrier. This accounts for the overall, spatially constrained, biogeographical pattern comprising large numbers of species- poor genera endemic to a single biogeographical region and fewer more species-rich genera, many of which show wider biogeographical distributions. In most southerly regions (Australasia, Madagascar, Neotropical), faunal composition and generic endemism is primarily dominated by elements with Gondwanaland ancestry, which is consistent with the Gondwanaland origin claimed for Scarabaeinae. In Afro-Eurasia (Palaearctic, Oriental, Afrotropical), generic endemism of monophyletically derived Afro-Eurasian and widespread lineages is centred in the Afrotropical region and faunal composition is numerically dominated by Afro-Eurasian and widespread elements. In the Nearctic region, the fauna is jointly dominated by widespread elements, derived from Afro-Eurasia, and Gondwanaland and Americas elements derived from the Neotropical region. Main conclusions Global biogeographical patterns in scarabaeine dung beetles primarily result from Mesozoic and Cenozoic range expansion events followed by vicariance, although recent dispersal to Australia may have occurred across sea barriers. Detailed phylogenetics research is required to provide data to support dispersal/vicariance hypotheses.10aassemblage coleoptera10abiogeography10acommunity organization10adinosaurs10adispersal10adistributional patterns10aDung10afragmentation10aglobal10ahabitat10ahindwing articulation10ahistorical10amammals10arain-forest10as-str10aScarabaeinae10asouthern african10avicariance10aw1 aDavis, A., L. V.1 aScholtz, C., H.1 aPhilips, T., K.  u<Go to ISI>://00017827330001003860nas a2200181   4500008004100000245014700041210006900188260000800257300001200265490000700277520325900284653001703543100002103560700002203581700002003603700002003623856003503643       2002                        eng d00aIncreasing representation of localized dung beetles across a chronosequence of regenerating vegetation and natural dune forest in South Africa0 aIncreasing representation of localized dung beetles across a chr  cMay  a191-2090 v113 aAim Species assemblages with high proportions of localized taxa occur in regional islands with a history of strong eco-climatic separation from adjacent systems. Current disturbance in such islands of relictualism or endemism disrupts the distinctive local character in favour of regionally distributed taxa with a wider range of tolerances. However, rehabilitation of the system should restore the localized biota. Thus, we used biogeographical composition to assess progress towards restoration of the dung beetle fauna associated with such an island of endemism following dredge-mining. Location The study was conducted in natural coastal dune forest and a 23-year chronosequence of regenerating dune vegetation in the Maputaland centre of endemism, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Methods Dung beetles were trapped in eight stands of regenerating vegetation of different ages (<1 year to -21 years) and in four stands of natural dune forest with differing ecological characteristics defined by measurements of vegetative physiognomy and microclimate. Species groups defined from multivariate analysis of biogeographical distribution patterns and vegetation associations were used to demonstrate quantitative compositional changes in the dung beetle assemblages across the chronosequence to natural forest. Results Three biogeographical groups were defined. One group comprised species widespread in southern Africa or both southern and east Africa. The other two groups were endemic, one to the east coast and the other to Maputaland. There was a general trend from dominance by regionally distributed dung beetle taxa to dominance by locally distributed taxa across the chronosequence of regenerating vegetation from grassland, to open Acacia karroo thicket, to dense A. karroo-dominated woodland. However, this trend was linked closely to the relative physiognomic and microclimatic similarity between the regenerating vegetation and natural forest. Thus, proportions of locally distributed taxa were lower in older chronosequence woodland (&SIM;18-&SIM;21 years) with its low canopy cover and open understorey than in dense early chronosequence woodland (&SIM;9-&SIM;12 years), which is physiognomically and microclimatically closer to species-diverse natural forest with its dense canopy and understorey. Overall, the present dung beetle community comprises five species groups. Single widespread (21 spp.) and endemic groups (14 spp.) showed similar patterns of association with early chronosequence grassland and open thicket stands. A single widespread (3 spp.) and two endemic shade-associated groups (3 and 11 spp.) showed differing patterns of association centred, respectively, in late chronosequence woodland, natural forest, or all shaded stands. Main conclusions At 23 years, vegetative regeneration is still at an early stage, but abundant activity of most, although not all species recorded in natural forest, is recovered with the closure of the woodland canopy at &SIM;9 years. Compositional differences with respect to natural forest vary closely with vegetative physiognomy and its effect on the microclimate. Therefore, full compositional recovery is dependent on the re-establishment of natural forest physiognomy and microclimate.10aDung beetles1 aDavis, A., L. V.1 aVan Aarde, R., J.1 aScholtz, C., H.1 aDelport, J., H.  u<Go to ISI>://000175839600002 00640nas a2200157   4500008004100000245011700041210006900158300001000227490000700237653001700244100002100261700002200282700002000304700002000324856013800344       2003                        eng d00aConvergence between dung beetle assemblages of a post-mining vegetational chronosequence and unmined dune forest0 aConvergence between dung beetle assemblages of a postmining vege  a29-420 v1110aDung beetles1 aDavis, A., L. V.1 aVan Aarde, R., J.1 aScholtz, C., H.1 aDelport, J., H.  uhttps://scarabnet.myspecies.info/convergence-between-dung-beetle-assemblages-post-mining-vegetational-chronosequence-and-unmined-dune03031nas a2200217   4500008004100000245013900041210006900180300001200249490000700261520224900268653001602517653001502533653002402548653001202572653001102584653001702595100002002612700002002632700002302652856013802675       2001                        eng d00aEffect of habitat transformation on dung beetle assemblages: A comparison between a South African nature reserve and neighboring farms0 aEffect of habitat transformation on dung beetle assemblages A co  a474-4830 v303 aThe effect of habitat transformation on dung beetle assemblages in the north-western Free State was investigated by comparing the fauna of a nature reserve with that on neighboring farms. Dung beetle sampling was done in four different localities within two different habitat types, a grassveld area and a bushveld (savanna) area. In these two habitat types, dung beetle assemblages in Sandveld Nature Reserve (27[degree] 37' S, 25[degree] 46' E) and on farms were compared. Eighty-three species belonging to 26 genera were captured in the study area. Doube's classification was used to divide the dung beetles into functional groups according to the manner in which they use and disturb dung. The grassveld habitats were dominated by larger dung beetles belonging to functional groups I and II, whereas in the bushveld habitats smaller dung beetles belonging to functional groups IV and V were dominant. There were definite habitat preferences, with the larger dung beetles belonging to functional group I and II preferring the grassveld habitats and having higher abundance in the natural rather than the disturbed habitats. The smaller dung beetles, belonging to functional group V, preferred the bushveld habitats. The better competitors (the larger dung beetles) occurred more abundantly in the grassveld habitats and also more abundantly in the natural grassveld habitat than in the disturbed habitat. None of the indices measuring species richness nor dominance showed significant differences between the four habitats. The dung beetle assemblages in all four habitats showed a log series pattern, with high abundance of a few dominant, highly effective competitors and a large number of 'rare' species, which were assumed to be less effective competitors. This does not, however, imply that the dung beetles were similarly affected by the different habitats, because the biomass of dung beetles was higher in the grassveld than the bushveld habitats and also higher in the natural habitats. A change in vegetational ground cover caused by overgrazing and trampling has a greater effect on the larger, more effective competitors in the assemblage, whereas the smaller less effective competitors do not seem to be affected by this change.10aagriculture10aCOLEOPTERA10acommunity structure10ahabitat10amatrix10aScarabaeidae1 aJankielsohn, A.1 aScholtz, C., H.1 aLouw, S., V. D. M.  uhttps://scarabnet.myspecies.info/effect-habitat-transformation-dung-beetle-assemblages-comparison-between-south-african-nature-reserv