02222nas a2200265   4500008004100000245012400041210006900165260000800234300001400242490000700256520131700263653002301580653001701603653002501620653002101645653001601666653001401682653002101696653001301717100002301730700002401753700001801777700002501795856013601820       2005                        eng d00aDiversity in the weapons of sexual selection: horn evolution in the beetle genus Onthophagus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)0 aDiversity in the weapons of sexual selection horn evolution in t  cJan  a1060-10840 v593 aBoth ornaments and weapons of sexual selection frequently exhibit prolific interspecific diversity of form. Yet, most studies of this diversity have focused on ornaments involved with female mate choice, rather than on the weapons of male competition. With few exceptions, the mechanisms of divergence in weapon morphology remain largely unexplored. Here, we characterize the evolutionary radiation of one type of weapon: beetle horns. We use partial sequences from four nuclear and three mitochondrial genes to develop a phylogenetic hypothesis for a worldwide sample of 48 species from the dung beetle genus Onthophagus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). We then use these data to test for multiple evolutionary origins of horns and to characterize the evolutionary radiation of horns. Although our limited sampling of one of the world’s most species-rich genera almost certainly underestimates the number of evolutionary events, our phylogeny reveals prolific evolutionary lability of these exaggerated sexually selected weapons (more than 25 separate gains and losses of five different horn types). We discuss these results in the context of the natural history of these beetles and explore ways that sexual selection and ecology may have interacted to generate this extraordinary diversity of weapon morphology. 10aAdaptive radiation10abeetle horns10acharacter divergence10amale competition10aOnthophagus10aphylogeny10asexual selection10aweapons.1 aEmlen, Douglas, J.1 aMarangelo, Jennifer1 aBall, Bernard1 aCunningham, Clifford  uhttps://scarabnet.myspecies.info/diversity-weapons-sexual-selection-horn-evolution-beetle-genus-onthophagus-coleoptera-scarabaeidae02395nas a2200325   4500008004100000245009500041210006900136300001200205490000700217520138900224653001401613653001301627653001601640653001601656653001401672653001401686653001501700653002601715653002901741653001701770653001301787653001801800653001901818653001001837653001101847653006001858100001301918700002001931856011801951       2000                        eng d00aMaternal and paternal effects on offspring phenotype in the dung beetle Onthophagus taurus0 aMaternal and paternal effects on offspring phenotype in the dung  a936-9410 v543 aParents often have important influences on the development of traits in their offspring. One mechanism by which parents are able to influence offspring phenotype is through the level of care they provide. In onthophagine dung beetles, parents typically provision their offspring by packing dung fragments into a brood mass. Onthophagus taurus males can be separated into two discrete morphs: Large, "major" males have head horns, whereas "minor" males are hornless. Here we show that a switch in parental provisioning strategies adopted by males coincides with the switch in male morphology. Male provisioning results in the production of heavier brood masses than females will produce alone. However, unlike females in which the level of provisioning increases with body size in a continuous manner, the level of provisioning provided by males represents an "all-or-none" tactic with all major males providing a fixed level of provisioning irrespective of their body size. Offspring size is determined largely by the quantity of dung provided to the developing larvae so that paternal and maternal provisioning affects the body size and horn size of offspring produced. The levels of provisioning by individual parents are significantly repeatable, suggesting paternal and maternal effects as candidate indirect genetic effects in the evolution of horn size in the genus Onthophagus.10aAnimalia-10aAnimals-10aArthropoda-10aArthropods-10aBehavior-10abody-size10abrood-mass10aColeoptera-: Insecta-10aEvolution-and-Adaptation10ahorn-: size-10aInsects-10aInvertebrata-10aInvertebrates-10amale-10amale-p10aOnthophagus-taurus [dung-beetle] (Coleoptera-): female-1 aHunt, J.1 aSimmons, L., W.  uhttps://scarabnet.myspecies.info/maternal-and-paternal-effects-offspring-phenotype-dung-beetle-onthophagus-taurus02061nas a2200205   4500008004100000245010100041210006900142260000800211300001400219490000700233520134300240653001301583653001801596653001601614653003401630653001501664100002301679700002201702856013101724       2008                        eng d00aRapid antagonistic coevolution between primary and secondary sexual characters in horned beetles0 aRapid antagonistic coevolution between primary and secondary sex  csep  a2423-24280 v623 aDifferent structures may compete during development for a shared and limited pool of resources to sustain growth and differ- entiation. The resulting resource allocation trade-offs have the potential to alter both ontogenetic outcomes and evolutionary trajectories. However, little is known about the evolutionary causes and consequences of resource allocation trade-offs in natural populations. Here, we explore the significance of resource allocation trade-offs between primary and secondary sexual traits in shaping early morphological divergences between four recently separated populations of the horned beetle Onthophagus taurus as well as macroevolutionary divergence patterns across 10 Onthophagus species. We show that resource allocation trade-offs leave a strong signature in morphological divergence patterns both within and between species. Furthermore, our results suggest that genital divergence may, under certain circumstances, occur as a byproduct of evolutionary changes in secondary sexual traits. Given the importance of copulatory organ morphology for reproductive isolation our findings begin to raise the possibility that secondary sexual trait evolution may promote speciation as a byproduct. We discuss the implications of our results on the causes and consequences of resource allocation trade-offs in insects. 10aAedeagus10aHorned beetle10aOnthophagus10aresource allocation trade-off10aspeciation1 aParzer, Harald, F.1 aMoczek, Armin, P.  uhttps://scarabnet.myspecies.info/rapid-antagonistic-coevolution-between-primary-and-secondary-sexual-characters-horned-beetles