01957nas a2200193   4500008004100000245007300041210006900114300001200183490000700195520133700202653001401539653001101553653001601564653002101580653002101601100002301622700002201645856009601667       2000                        eng d00aThe development and evolution of exaggerated morphologies in insects0 adevelopment and evolution of exaggerated morphologies in insects  a661-7080 v453 aWe discuss a framework for studying the evolution of morphology in insects, based on the concepts of ‘‘phenotypic plasticity’’ and ‘‘reaction norms.’’ We illustrate this approach with the evolution of some of the most extreme morphologies in insects: exaggerated, sexually selected male ornaments and weapons, and elaborate social insect soldier castes. Most of these traits scale with body size, and these scaling relationships are often nonlinear. We argue that scaling relationships are best viewed as reaction norms, and that the evolution of exaggerated morphological traits results from genetic changes in the slope and/or shape of these scaling relationships. After reviewing literature on sexually selected and caste-specific structures, we suggest two possible routes to the evolution of exaggerated trait dimensions: (a) the evolution of steeper scaling relationship slopes and (b) the evolution of sigmoid or discontinuous scaling relationship shapes. We discuss evolutionary implications of these two routes to exaggeration and suggest why so many of the most exaggerated insect structures scale nonlinearly with body size. Finally, we review literature on insect development to provide a comprehensive picture of how scaling relationships arise and to suggest how they may be modified through evolution.10aallometry10acastes10aPolyphenism10asexual selection10athreshold traits1 aEmlen, Douglas, J.1 aNijhout, Frederik  uhttps://scarabnet.myspecies.info/development-and-evolution-exaggerated-morphologies-insects00435nas a2200109   4500008004500000245007400045210006900119300001100188490000700199100002200206856009700228       1987                        spandsh  00aBiogeography of the montane entomofauna of Mexico and Central America0 aBiogeography of the montane entomofauna of Mexico and Central Am  a95-1140 v321 aHalffter, Gonzalo  uhttps://scarabnet.myspecies.info/biogeography-montane-entomofauna-mexico-and-central-america01144nas a2200217   4500008004100000245009300041210006900134300001200203490000700215520041400222653001000636653000900646653003100655653001400686653001400700100001900714700002500733700002800758700002500786856011500811       2005                        eng d00aFecal residues of Veterinary Parasiticides: nontarget effects in the Pasture environment0 aFecal residues of Veterinary Parasiticides nontarget effects in   a153-1790 v503 aResidues of veterinary parasiticides in dung of treated livestock have nontarget effects on dung-breeding insects and dung degradation. Here, we review the nature and extent of these effects, examine the potential risks associated with different classes of chemicals, and describe how greater awareness of these nontarget effects has resulted in regulatory changes in the registration of veterinary products. 10adrugs10aDung10aenvironmental consequences10aexcretion10alivestock1 aFloate, K., D.1 aWardhaugh, Keith, G.1 aBoxall, Alistair, B. A.1 aSherratt, Thomas, N.  uhttps://scarabnet.myspecies.info/fecal-residues-veterinary-parasiticides-nontarget-effects-pasture-environment01892nas a2200193   4500008004100000245015600041210006900197300001200266490000700278520115200285653001701437653002201454653001401476653002201490653001401512653001201526100002201538856013801560       2006                        eng d00aBiogeographic areas and transition zones of Latin America and the Caribbean islands based on panbiogeographic and cladistic analyses of the entomofauna0 aBiogeographic areas and transition zones of Latin America and th  a467-4940 v513 aTrack and cladistic biogeographic analyses based on insect taxa are used as a framework to interpret patterns of the Latin American and Caribbean ento- mofauna by identifying biogeographic areas on the basis of endemicity and arranging them hierarchically in a system of regions, subregions, dominions, and provinces. The Nearctic region, inhabited by Holarctic insect taxa, comprises five provinces: California, Baja California, Sonora, Mexican Plateau, and Tamaulipas. The Mexi- can transition zone comprises five provinces: Sierra Madre Occidental, Sierra Madre Oriental, Transmexican Volcanic Belt, Balsas Basin, and Sierra Madre del Sur. The Neotropical region, which harbors many insect taxa with close relatives in the tropical areas of the Old World, comprises four subregions: Caribbean, Amazonian, Chacoan, and Parana. The South American transition zone comprises five provinces: North An- dean Paramo, Coastal Peruvian Desert, Puna, Atacama, Prepuna, and Monte. The An- dean region, which harbors insect taxa with close relatives in the Austral continents, comprises three subregions: Central Chilean, Subantarctic, and Patagonian. . R 10abiogeography10abiotic components10aevolution10ainsect endemicity10aprovinces10aregions1 aMorrone, Juan, J.  uhttps://scarabnet.myspecies.info/biogeographic-areas-and-transition-zones-latin-america-and-caribbean-islands-based-panbiogeographic-