01730nas a2200241   4500008004100000245014400041210006900185300001200254490000700266520084000273653005801113653001401171653001301185653001601198653001601214653002601230653002301256653001301279653001801292653001901310100002101329856013801350       1987                        eng d00aGeographical Distribution of Dung Beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) and Their Seasonal Activity in Southwestern Cape Province South Africa0 aGeographical Distribution of Dung Beetles Coleoptera Scarabaeida  a275-2850 v503 aA total of 30 species of dung beetles was recorded in indigenous shrubland near Langebaan and a pasture of Kikuyu grass near Paarl over a period of 13 months. These species were divided into 2 groups according to their distribution between the rainfall regions of southern Africa. Group 1, which was numerically dominant at Langebaan, was largely endemic to the winter and bimodal rainfall regions and was principally active during the winter rainy season in the south-western Cape. Group 2, which was numerically dominant at Paarl, was widespread in the winter, bimodal and summer rainfall regions and was principally active during the summer dry season and beginning of the rainy season in the south-western Cape. The potential of these beetles as control agents of the dung-breeding bush fly in south-western Australia is discussed.10a30 species bush fly rainfall biological control agent10aAnimalia-10aAnimals-10aArthropoda-10aArthropods-10aColeoptera-: Insecta-10aDiptera-: Insecta-10aInsects-10aInvertebrata-10aInvertebrates-1 aDavis, A., L. V.  uhttps://scarabnet.myspecies.info/geographical-distribution-dung-beetles-coleoptera-scarabaeidae-and-their-seasonal-activity-southwest00796nas a2200217   4500008004100000245012400041210006900165300001200234490000700246653001700253653001600270653002400286653002200310653002300332653001500355653001500370653001700385653001700402100002100419856013800440       1989                        eng d00aResidence and breeding of Oniticellus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) within cattle pads: inhibition by dung-burying beetles0 aResidence and breeding of Oniticellus Coleoptera Scarabaeidae wi  a229-2360 v5210acattle feces10adung beetle10aecological function10aecosystem service10aecosystem services10ainhibition10aOnticellus10aScarabaeidae10asouth africa1 aDavis, A., L. V.  uhttps://scarabnet.myspecies.info/residence-and-breeding-oniticellus-coleoptera-scarabaeidae-within-cattle-pads-inhibition-dung-buryin00656nas a2200181   4500008004100000245011200041210006900153300001000222490000700232653001500239653000900254653001400263653001200277653001600289653001700305100002100322856013100343       1989                        eng d00aNesting of afrotropical Oniticellus (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae) and its evolutionary trend from soil to dung0 aNesting of afrotropical Oniticellus Coleoptera Scarabaeidae and   a11-210 v1410aCOLEOPTERA10aDung10aevolution10anesting10aoniticellus10aScarabaeidae1 aDavis, A., L. V.  uhttps://scarabnet.myspecies.info/nesting-afrotropical-oniticellus-coleoptera-scarabaeidae-and-its-evolutionary-trend-soil-dung00781nas a2200193   4500008004100000245018300041210006900224300001000293490000600303653001500309653001500324653002100339653001500360653001800375653001700393653001800410100002100428856013800449       1993                        eng d00aAlpha-diversity patterns of dung beetle assemblages (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae, Aphodiidae, Staphylinidae, Histeridae, Hydrophilidae) in the winter rainfall region of South Africa0 aAlphadiversity patterns of dung beetle assemblages Coleoptera Sc  a67-800 v110aAphodiinae10aCOLEOPTERA10adiversity models10ahisteridae10ahydrophilidae10aScarabaeidae10astaphylinidae1 aDavis, A., L. V.  uhttps://scarabnet.myspecies.info/alpha-diversity-patterns-dung-beetle-assemblages-coleoptera-scarabaeidae-aphodiidae-staphylinidae-hi00673nas a2200169   4500008004100000245013600041210006900177300001000246490000600256653001600262653000900278653001700287653002000304653002000324100002100344856013800365       1994                        eng d00aCompositional differences between dung beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae s. str.) assemblages in winter and summer rainfall climates0 aCompositional differences between dung beetle Coleoptera Scaraba  a45-510 v210aassemblages10aDung10aScarabaeidae10asummer rainfall10awinter rainfall1 aDavis, A., L. V.  uhttps://scarabnet.myspecies.info/compositional-differences-between-dung-beetle-coleoptera-scarabaeidae-s-str-assemblages-winter-and-s00849nas a2200217   4500008004100000245020700041210006900248260000800317300001200325490000700337653001500344653002000359653000900379653001600388653001500404653001800419653001700437653001800454100002100472856013800493       1994                        eng d00aAssociations of afrotropical Coleoptera (Scarabaeidae: Aphodiidae: Staphylinidae: Hydrophilidae: Histeridae) with dung and decaying matter: implications for selection of fly-control agents for Australia0 aAssociations of afrotropical Coleoptera Scarabaeidae Aphodiidae   cMar  a383-3990 v2810aAphodiinae10adecaying matter10aDung10afly-control10ahisteridae10ahydrophilidae10aScarabaeidae10astaphylinidae1 aDavis, A., L. V.  uhttps://scarabnet.myspecies.info/associations-afrotropical-coleoptera-scarabaeidae-aphodiidae-staphylinidae-hydrophilidae-histeridae-00697nas a2200169   4500008004100000245014400041210006900185300001200254490000700266653001400273653002600287653002100313653001700334653001700351100002100368856013800389       1996                        eng d00aCommunity organization of dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae): differences in body size and functional group structure between habitats0 aCommunity organization of dung beetles Coleoptera Scarabaeidae d  a258-2750 v3410abody size10acommunity composition10afunctional group10aScarabaeidae10aScarabaeinae1 aDavis, A., L. V.  uhttps://scarabnet.myspecies.info/community-organization-dung-beetles-coleoptera-scarabaeidae-differences-body-size-and-functional-gro00537nas a2200109   4500008004100000245013900041210006900180300001200249490000700261100002100268856013800289       1996                        eng d00aSeasonal dung beetle activity and dung dispersal in selected South African habitats: implications for pasture improvement in Australia0 aSeasonal dung beetle activity and dung dispersal in selected Sou  a157-1690 v581 aDavis, A., L. V.  uhttps://scarabnet.myspecies.info/seasonal-dung-beetle-activity-and-dung-dispersal-selected-south-african-habitats-implications-pastur00777nas a2200205   4500008004100000245016500041210006900206300001200275490000700287653001500294653001400309653000900323653001200332653001500344653001800359653001700377653001800394100002100412856013800433       1996                        eng d00aHabitat associations in a South African, summer rainfall, dung beetle community (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae, Aphodiidae, Staphylinidae, Histeridae, Hydrophilidae)0 aHabitat associations in a South African summer rainfall dung bee  a260-2800 v4010aAphodiinae10acommunity10aDung10ahabitat10ahisteridae10ahydrophilidae10aScarabaeidae10astaphylinidae1 aDavis, A., L. V.  uhttps://scarabnet.myspecies.info/habitat-associations-south-african-summer-rainfall-dung-beetle-community-coleoptera-scarabaeidae-aph02175nas a2200145   4500008004100000245011200041210006900153260000800222300001000230490000700240520171000247653001701957100002101974856003401995       1997                        eng d00aClimatic and biogeographical associations of southern African dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae s str)0 aClimatic and biogeographical associations of southern African du  cMar  a10-380 v353 aClimatic and biogeographical associations of southern African dung beetles (Scarabaeinae, Coprinae) were analysed from a collection amassed between 1971 and 1986. Endemism to Africa south of 15 degrees S was much greater in southwesterly climates (winter rainfall, bimodal spring/autumn rainfall, arid late summer rainfall) than to the north-east in the moist, mid- summer rainfall region. Major biogeographical groups centred to the south-west comprised predominantly southern African endemics, Western/Eastern Cape coast, Karoo, Karoo/Namib, northern Namibia and the south-western Kalahari. Biogeographical groups centred on the south-eastern highlands and the subtropical east coast (midsummer rainfall) also comprised predominantly southern African endemics. All other major groups centred to the north-east in the mid-summer rainfall region comprised predominantly species with widespread tropical biogeographical affiliations, pan-southern Africa but centred in the east, pan-mid-summer rainfall region, eastern mid-summer rainfall region, tropical east Zimbabwe/central Mocambique, subtropical/tropical game reserves (non-ruminant dung specialists). There were cross-climatic differences in taxonomic composition of the fauna. Within the winter rainfall region, percentage species composition of Scarabaeinae was greater whereas that of the coprine tribe, Onthophagini, was lower than within the other three climatic regions. Percentage species richness of most other tribes of Coprinae differed little between most climates but that of Scarabaeinae declined from west to east (Canthonini, Scarabaeini), east to west (Sisyphini) or to either side of the late summer rainfall region (Gymnopleurini).10aDung beetles1 aDavis, A., L. V.  u<Go to ISI>://A1997WW1510000203032nas a2200337   4500008004100000245012100041210006900162260000800231300001000239490000700249520210400256653001702360653002602377653001502403653001402418653001702432653001702449653001402466653000902480653002602489653001802515653001602533653001002549653001702559653001702576653001702593653001802610653001102628100002102639856003402660       2002                        eng d00aDung beetle diversity in South Africa: influential factors, conservation status, data inadequacies and survey design0 aDung beetle diversity in South Africa influential factors conser  cMar  a53-650 v103 aDung beetles are useful as indicators in conservation and global warming studies owing to their specialized regional and local distribution patterns. However, existing South African data are inadequate for indication at the necessary degree of spatial resolution. To improve the database, Survey methods need to Lie designed according to the spatial and temporal factors that influence dung beetle diversity. Across four major climatic regions, there are seven principal species distribution centres for dung beetles in which activity is influenced primarily by difference, in rainfall seasonality and temperature, Across these regions, generic endemism is largely concentrated around the coastline and in montane areas. The conservation status of endemic genera is discussed. At a local scale, spatial diversity is influenced primarily by soil, vegetation and dung type. Maximum local diversity of dung beetles is observed after rainfall and decreases as surface conditions become warmer and drier. After workshop discussions, a coarse-grained, asymmetrical gradsect survey grid has been designed according to vegetative, climatic and land-usage gradients across South Africa. It is suggested that each survey point across these regional gradients should comprise a quarter-degree square in which local ecological gradients should be surveyed for invertebrates, Baited pitfall trapping is an easy method to provide quantitative data for dung beetles across such environmental gradients. Lining up each catch on a tray provides a relatively quick way to compare the specimens, identify the species present, and provide a quantitative assessment of species abundance. Data collection may be conducted on one or more occasion., to accommodate seasonal and daily variation in species occurrence. This exercise could identify localities suitable for ecotourism reserves representative of the variation in ecotypes across the country, particularly, in coastal, natural grass and wooded regions, where many invertebrate taxa are endangered by habitat fragmentation including some rare dung beetle species.10aassociations10abiodiversity hotspots10aCOLEOPTERA10acommunity10aconsequences10aconservation10adiversity10aDung10ahabitat fragmentation10ahydrophilidae10apopulations10as str10aScarabaeidae10aScarabaeinae10asouth africa10astaphylinidae10asurvey1 aDavis, A., L. V.  u<Go to ISI>://00017624700000602927nas a2200337   4500008004100000245016300041210006900204260000800273300001200281490000700293520190100300653002002201653001602221653002702237653002702264653002802291653001702319653000802336653003002344653001202374653002702386653001702413653002202430653000902452653001502461100002102476700001802497700002002515700002002535856003402555       2000                        eng d00aA comparative analysis of metabolic rate in six Scarabaeus species (Coleoptera : Scarabaeidae) from southern Africa: further caveats when inferring adaptation0 acomparative analysis of metabolic rate in six Scarabaeus species  cApr  a553-5620 v463 aAlterations in VO2 or VCO2 are amongst the more polemical physiological adaptations ascribed to insects. Generally, metabolic rate is thought to be lowered in response to arid conditions, and elevated in species from cold environments compared to their more temperate relatives. However, most studies have rarely addressed the influence of both environmental factors in unison. To this end, standard metabolic rate and its temperature dependence were measured (at 4 degrees C intervals from 16 to 32 degrees C) in six Scarabaeus dung beetle species (three flightless, three volant) from a variety of habitats (warm, arid to cool, mesic) in southern Africa using flow-through respirometry. Mass specific VCO2 varied from 0.0158 mi g(-1) h(-1) at 16 degrees C to 0.1839 ml g(-1) h(-1) at 32 degrees C. The slopes of the rate temperature curves were similar for all species (Q(10)s of 2.14-2.84), although the intercepts differed significantly in the direction (warm arid to cool mesic): S. gariepinus<S. hippocrates<S. striatum<S. galenus<S. rusticus<S. westwoodi. General Linear models were fitted to the VCO2 data with treatment temperature, wing status, mean annual rainfall and mean annual temperature as the independent variables. For all six species, the best fit model included treatment temperature and wing status only. Flightless species had significantly lower VCO(2)s than did winged ones. Amongst the flightless species, S. gariepinus, from the driest area, had the lowest VCO2. Among the winged species it was impossible to determine whether environmental temperature or water availability were most important in influencing VCO2; both were significant. We conclude that investigations of metabolic rate modulation, and especially metabolic cold adaptation, in insects must take both temperature and water availability into account. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.10aacclimatisation10aconsumption10acricket gryllus-firmus10adesiccation resistance10adrosophila-melanogaster10agas-exchange10ains10ametabolic cold adaptation10aoxygen-10arespiratory metabolism10arespirometry10aunselected strain10aVCO210awater-loss1 aDavis, A., L. V.1 aChown, S., L.1 aMcGeoch, M., A.1 aScholtz, C., H.  u<Go to ISI>://00008584250001902342nas a2200265   4500008004100000245013400041210006900175260001200244300001200256490000700268520155900275653000801834653001301842653001501855653001601870653001201886653001501898653003001913653002501943653001501968100002101983700001802004700002002022856003402042       1999                        eng d00aDiscontinuous gas-exchange cycles in Scarabaeus dung beetles (Coleoptera : Scarabaeidae): Mass-scaling and temperature dependence0 aDiscontinuous gasexchange cycles in Scarabaeus dung beetles Cole  cSep-Oct  a555-5650 v723 aAlthough discontinuous gas exchange cycles (DGC) are known from many insects, the effects of body size and temperature on DGC have not been widely examined. Here, these effects are investigated in five Scarabaeus dung beetle species from mesic and xeric habitats. The investigation tests two hypotheses: that previous estimates of the scaling exponents for the DGC and its characteristics are more broadly applicable to insects, and that, in response to temperature, both DGC frequency and the quantity of CO2 emitted during the open (O) phase (O-phase emission volume) are modulated. Like previous workers, we find that (V) over dot (CO2) scaled as mass(0.968) and that O-phase emission volume scaled as mass(0.968) . However, temperature- associated increases in (V) over dot (CO2) (Q(10)'s of 2.19- 2.65) were modulated mostly by increases in DGC frequency since O-phase volumes remained constant across temperature. Flutter (F)-phase and O-phase durations were closely coupled to DGC duration, although the relationship between closed (C)-phase duration and DGC duration was less pronounced. We show that ventilation phase coefficients, previously considered a measure of the proportional duration of each phase of the DGC, calculated from the slopes of these relationships are a measure of change in phase duration with change in DGC duration and not a measure of the way in which total DGC duration is apportioned among phases. We suggest that proportions be used to estimate the contribution of each of the phases to the total duration of the DGC.10aant10aemission10aformicidae10ahymenoptera10ainsects10ametabolism10arespiratory transpiration10aventilatory patterns10awater-loss1 aDavis, A., L. V.1 aChown, S., L.1 aScholtz, C., H.  u<Go to ISI>://00008412810000502183nas a2200241   4500008004100000245014500041210006900186260000800255300001400263490000700277520143300284653001801717653000901735653001601744653001001760653001701770653001501787653001501802653004801817100002101865700002001886856003501906       2005                        eng d00aEffect of deforestation on a southwest Ghana dung beetle assemblage (Coleoptera : Scarabaeidae) at the periphery of Ankasa conservation area0 aEffect of deforestation on a southwest Ghana dung beetle assembl  cOct  a1081-10880 v343 aDuring June 2003, an exploratory dung beetle survey (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) was conducted in southwest Ghana at the southern edge of Ankasa Conservation Area, which is a 500-km(2) conserved region of the threatened Eastern Upper Guinean rainforest. The survey provided a quantitative assessment of peripheral deforestation effects and an inventory for species on omnivore dung. Pitfall traps baited with pig dung were placed in both selectively logged and unlogged rainforest as well as in nearby oil palm and cacao plantations. The Ankasa forest inventory was mostly comprised of species previously trapped by human dung in the Western Upper Guinean rainforest of TO National Park, Cote d'Ivoire. However, there was relatively low species abundance similarity between the June/July assemblages on omnivore dung in Tai and Ankasa rainforests, and even lower similarity between assemblages of Ankasa and the adjacent plantations. Of 29 species recorded in Ankasa forest, most were absent or rare in plantations where assemblages were numerically dominated by species previously recorded from the West African savannas. This replacement plantation fauna showed significantly lower species richness and diversity, but significantly higher abundance, compared with Ankasa forest assemblages. The results reiterate that forest reserves are essential for the conservation of specialist rainforest dung beetle species.10adeforestation10aDung10adung beetle10aGhana10amodification10aplantation10arainforest10ascarabaeinae (biological conservation 2007)1 aDavis, A., L. V.1 aPhilips, T., K.  u<Go to ISI>://000232405800014 00526nas a2200121   4500008004100000245010300041210006900144300001200213490000600225100002100231700002000252856013200272       2001                        eng d00aHistorical vs. ecological factors influencing global patterns of scarabaeine dung beetle diversity0 aHistorical vs ecological factors influencing global patterns of   a161-1740 v71 aDavis, A., L. V.1 aScholtz, C., H.  uhttps://scarabnet.myspecies.info/historical-vs-ecological-factors-influencing-global-patterns-scarabaeine-dung-beetle-diversity00579nas a2200133   4500008004100000245012200041210006900163300001000232490000700242653001700249100002100266700002000287856013800307       2004                        eng d00aLocal and regional species ranges of a dung beetle assemblage from the semi-arid Karoo/Kalahari margins, South Africa0 aLocal and regional species ranges of a dung beetle assemblage fr  a61-850 v5710aDung beetles1 aDavis, A., L. V.1 aScholtz, C., H.  uhttps://scarabnet.myspecies.info/local-and-regional-species-ranges-dung-beetle-assemblage-semi-arid-karookalahari-margins-south-afric00638nas a2200145   4500008004100000245014700041210006900188300001400257490000700271653001700278100002100295700002000316700001800336856013800354       1999                        eng d00aSpecies turnover, community boundaries and biogeographic composition of dung beetle assemblages across an altitudinal gradient in south Africa0 aSpecies turnover community boundaries and biogeographic composit  a1039-10550 v2610aDung beetles1 aDavis, A., L. V.1 aScholtz, C., H.1 aChown, S., L.  uhttps://scarabnet.myspecies.info/species-turnover-community-boundaries-and-biogeographic-composition-dung-beetle-assemblages-across-a02663nas a2200229   4500008004100000245012800041210006900169300000900238490000700247520187800254653001702132653000902149653001202158653001902170653001702189653001602206653001102222100002102233700002402254700001702278856013802295       2005                        eng d00aA dung beetle survey of selected Gauteng nature reserves: implications for conservation of the provincial scarabaeine fauna0 adung beetle survey of selected Gauteng nature reserves implicati  a1-160 v133 aAquantitativedungbeetlesurvey(Coleoptera:Scarabaeidae:Scarabaeinae)wasconducted insixGautengnaturereserves(Tswaing,Leeuwfontein,Roodeplaat,Ezemvelo,AbeBailey, Suikerbosrand) representativeof theprovincial rangeinenvironmental conditions. The studyprovidedaprovincial species inventorythat has beentestedfor completeness bycomparisonwithmuseumreferencematerial. It alsopermittedananalysisof major influencesonregional(altitude,annualrainfall)andlocal(soilandvegetationtype)patterns of speciesabundance. Thesurveyrecordedatotal of 152species. Althoughafurther29 specieswererepresentedinreferencecollections,theirabsencefromthepresentworkwas probablyduetohabitat,food,ortemporalspecializations.Multivariateanalyses(clustering, MDS)ofspeciesabundancedataformedsixclusters,eachcomprisingexclusivelythesitesin singlereserves. Thisindicatesthatregionalbetween-reservefaunaldifferencesaregreater thanlocal withinreservedifferences, thusdemonstratingthevalueof eachreserve. Ina hierarchical analysisofobliquefactors, fiveoutofsevenstatisticallydefinedclusterscom- prisedexclusivelythesitesinsinglereserveswithSuikerbosrandsplitintwo.Theseclusters werevariouslycorrelatedwithnineextendedfactors.Alongsevenfactors,correlationswere uniqueoressentiallyuniquetosinglereservesandwerefairlyhigh,particularlyatinterme- diatealtitude. Alongtheremainingtwosharedfactors, therewereopposingtrendsinthat correlationseitherdecreasedwithhigheraltitudeordecreasedwithloweraltitude. Thus, eachclustershowsthreecoefficientsofdetermination, onerepresentingtheproportionof varianceduetosharedhighlandfaunalinfluence,onerepresentingthatduetosharedlow- landfaunal influenceandthethirdrepresentingthatduetouniquelocal faunal composi- tion. Theanalysesidentifythetransitionfromlowlandtohighland-dominatedfaunas, the relativefaunal distinctivenessofeachreserve, andomissionsfromtheprovincial reserve system.10aconservation10aDung10aGauteng10anature reserve10aScarabaeinae10aSouthAfrica10asurvey1 aDavis, A., L. V.1 aScholtz, Clarke, H.1 aDeschodt, C.  uhttps://scarabnet.myspecies.info/dung-beetle-survey-selected-gauteng-nature-reserves-implications-conservation-provincial-scarabaeine02110nas a2200193   4500008004100000245012900041210006900170260001200239300001200251490000800263520150500271653001701776100002101793700002001814700001901834700001401853700001501867856003401882       2004                        eng d00aScarabaeine dung beetles as indicators of biodiversity, habitat transformation and pest control chemicals in agro-ecosystems0 aScarabaeine dung beetles as indicators of biodiversity habitat t  cSep-Oct  a415-4240 v1003 aAs integral members of pasture ecosystems in warmer climates, scarabaeine dung beetles are useful indicators both of high biodiversity in untransformed pastoral regions and of healthy pastures in untransformed or intensively farmed areas. We outline the use of dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) variously as biodiversity, ecological or environmental indicators at each of three spatial scales: regional, local, and pasture. At a regional scale, analyses of species distribution are useful both for determining regional boundaries, thus defining limits within which local comparisons are valid, and for defining group distribution centres, which facilitates comparison of biogeographical group compositions of local faunas. At a local scale, characteristic differences in species assemblage structure between natural and transformed habitats are useful both for conservation issues and for certification and marketing of high quality meat produced on natural pastures. At a pasture scale, species responses or assemblage structure may differ between dung containing residues and that lacking residues of avermectin or synthetic pyrethroid livestock pesticides. Thus, dung beetles are useful both for bioassaying the relative toxicity of old and newly developed veterinary products, and for developing more environmentally benign pest control practices. For each of the three spatial scales, we discuss goals, provide mini-reviews of pertinent results, and discuss further research.10aDung beetles1 aDavis, A., L. V.1 aScholtz, C., H.1 aDooley, P., W.1 aBharm, N.1 aKryger, U.  u<Go to ISI>://00022624050000505478nas a2200385   4500008004100000245005600041210005600097260000800153300001400161490000700175520450100182653002604683653001704709653002704726653001404753653001404767653002804781653000904809653001804818653001104836653001204847653002604859653001504885653001204900653001604912653001004928653001704938653002104955653001504976653000604991100002104997700002005018700002005038856003405058       2002                        eng d00aHistorical biogeography of scarabaeine dung beetles0 aHistorical biogeography of scarabaeine dung beetles  cSep  a1217-12560 v293 aAim (1) To review briefly global biogeographical patterns in dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae), a group whose evolutionary history has been dominated by ecological specialization to vertebrate dung in warmer climates. (2) To develop hypotheses accounting for the evolution of these patterns. Location Six principal biogeographical regions: Palaearctic, Oriental, Afrotropical, Australasia, Neotropical, Nearctic and five outlying islands or island groups harbouring endemic genera: Caribbean, Madagascar, Mauritius, New Caledonia, New Zealand. Methods Major patterns of tribal, generic and species distribution are investigated using cluster analysis, ordination, parsimony analysis of endemism and track analysis. Attempts are made to resolve biogeographical patterns with findings in the fields of plate tectonics, fossil and evolutionary history, plus phylogeny of both mammals and dung beetles. Results Because of conflict between published findings, it is uncertain at what point in time density of dinosaur dung, mammal dung or both became sufficiently great to select for specialized habits in dung beetles. However, biogeographical evidence would suggest a Mesozoic origin followed by further taxonomic radiation during the Cenozoic, possibly in response to the increasing size and diversity of mammalian dung types in South America and Afro-Eurasia. Proportional generic distribution in fourteen tribes and subtribes showed four principal biogeographical patterns: (1) southerly biased Gondwanaland distribution, (2) Americas or (3) Madagascar endemism, and (4) northerly biased, Afro-Eurasian- centred distribution with limited numbers of genera also widespread in other regions. Proportional composition of faunas in eleven geographical regions indicated three principal distributional centres, East Gondwanaland fragments, Afro- Eurasia and the Americas. These patterns probably result from three principal long-term range expansion and vicariance events (Mesozoic: Gondwanaland interchange and fragmentation, Cenozoic: Afro-Eurasian/Nearctic interchange and the Great American interchange). It is suggested that old vicariance caused by the Mesozoic fragmentation of Gondwanaland leads to a high degree of regional endemism at generic or tribal level across one or more Gondwanaland tracks. In contrast, it is suggested that the more recent Cenozoic range expansions occurred primarily towards northern regions leading to endemism primarily at species level. These Cenozoic radiations were facilitated by the re-linking of continents, either because of tectonic plate movements (Africa to Eurasia in Miocene), climatically induced sea-level change (Afro-Eurasia to Nearctic in Miocene and Pleistocene), or similar coupled with orogenics (Nearctic to Neotropical in Pliocene). Speciation has followed vicariance either because of climatic change or physical barrier development. These recent range expansions probably occurred principally along an Afro-Eurasian land track to the Nearctic and Neotropical and an Americas land track northwards from the Neotropics to the Nearctic, with limited dispersal from Eurasia to Australia, probably across a sea barrier. This accounts for the overall, spatially constrained, biogeographical pattern comprising large numbers of species- poor genera endemic to a single biogeographical region and fewer more species-rich genera, many of which show wider biogeographical distributions. In most southerly regions (Australasia, Madagascar, Neotropical), faunal composition and generic endemism is primarily dominated by elements with Gondwanaland ancestry, which is consistent with the Gondwanaland origin claimed for Scarabaeinae. In Afro-Eurasia (Palaearctic, Oriental, Afrotropical), generic endemism of monophyletically derived Afro-Eurasian and widespread lineages is centred in the Afrotropical region and faunal composition is numerically dominated by Afro-Eurasian and widespread elements. In the Nearctic region, the fauna is jointly dominated by widespread elements, derived from Afro-Eurasia, and Gondwanaland and Americas elements derived from the Neotropical region. Main conclusions Global biogeographical patterns in scarabaeine dung beetles primarily result from Mesozoic and Cenozoic range expansion events followed by vicariance, although recent dispersal to Australia may have occurred across sea barriers. Detailed phylogenetics research is required to provide data to support dispersal/vicariance hypotheses.10aassemblage coleoptera10abiogeography10acommunity organization10adinosaurs10adispersal10adistributional patterns10aDung10afragmentation10aglobal10ahabitat10ahindwing articulation10ahistorical10amammals10arain-forest10as-str10aScarabaeinae10asouthern african10avicariance10aw1 aDavis, A., L. V.1 aScholtz, C., H.1 aPhilips, T., K.  u<Go to ISI>://00017827330001003860nas a2200181   4500008004100000245014700041210006900188260000800257300001200265490000700277520325900284653001703543100002103560700002203581700002003603700002003623856003503643       2002                        eng d00aIncreasing representation of localized dung beetles across a chronosequence of regenerating vegetation and natural dune forest in South Africa0 aIncreasing representation of localized dung beetles across a chr  cMay  a191-2090 v113 aAim Species assemblages with high proportions of localized taxa occur in regional islands with a history of strong eco-climatic separation from adjacent systems. Current disturbance in such islands of relictualism or endemism disrupts the distinctive local character in favour of regionally distributed taxa with a wider range of tolerances. However, rehabilitation of the system should restore the localized biota. Thus, we used biogeographical composition to assess progress towards restoration of the dung beetle fauna associated with such an island of endemism following dredge-mining. Location The study was conducted in natural coastal dune forest and a 23-year chronosequence of regenerating dune vegetation in the Maputaland centre of endemism, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Methods Dung beetles were trapped in eight stands of regenerating vegetation of different ages (<1 year to -21 years) and in four stands of natural dune forest with differing ecological characteristics defined by measurements of vegetative physiognomy and microclimate. Species groups defined from multivariate analysis of biogeographical distribution patterns and vegetation associations were used to demonstrate quantitative compositional changes in the dung beetle assemblages across the chronosequence to natural forest. Results Three biogeographical groups were defined. One group comprised species widespread in southern Africa or both southern and east Africa. The other two groups were endemic, one to the east coast and the other to Maputaland. There was a general trend from dominance by regionally distributed dung beetle taxa to dominance by locally distributed taxa across the chronosequence of regenerating vegetation from grassland, to open Acacia karroo thicket, to dense A. karroo-dominated woodland. However, this trend was linked closely to the relative physiognomic and microclimatic similarity between the regenerating vegetation and natural forest. Thus, proportions of locally distributed taxa were lower in older chronosequence woodland (&SIM;18-&SIM;21 years) with its low canopy cover and open understorey than in dense early chronosequence woodland (&SIM;9-&SIM;12 years), which is physiognomically and microclimatically closer to species-diverse natural forest with its dense canopy and understorey. Overall, the present dung beetle community comprises five species groups. Single widespread (21 spp.) and endemic groups (14 spp.) showed similar patterns of association with early chronosequence grassland and open thicket stands. A single widespread (3 spp.) and two endemic shade-associated groups (3 and 11 spp.) showed differing patterns of association centred, respectively, in late chronosequence woodland, natural forest, or all shaded stands. Main conclusions At 23 years, vegetative regeneration is still at an early stage, but abundant activity of most, although not all species recorded in natural forest, is recovered with the closure of the woodland canopy at &SIM;9 years. Compositional differences with respect to natural forest vary closely with vegetative physiognomy and its effect on the microclimate. Therefore, full compositional recovery is dependent on the re-establishment of natural forest physiognomy and microclimate.10aDung beetles1 aDavis, A., L. V.1 aVan Aarde, R., J.1 aScholtz, C., H.1 aDelport, J., H.  u<Go to ISI>://000175839600002 00640nas a2200157   4500008004100000245011700041210006900158300001000227490000700237653001700244100002100261700002200282700002000304700002000324856013800344       2003                        eng d00aConvergence between dung beetle assemblages of a post-mining vegetational chronosequence and unmined dune forest0 aConvergence between dung beetle assemblages of a postmining vege  a29-420 v1110aDung beetles1 aDavis, A., L. V.1 aVan Aarde, R., J.1 aScholtz, C., H.1 aDelport, J., H.  uhttps://scarabnet.myspecies.info/convergence-between-dung-beetle-assemblages-post-mining-vegetational-chronosequence-and-unmined-dune00683nas a2200169   4500008004100000245012700041210006900168300001000237490000600247653001700253100001700270700001800287700002100305700002300326700002600349856013800375       2000                        eng d00aConservation strategies for poorly surveyed taxa: a dung beetle (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae) case study from southern Africa0 aConservation strategies for poorly surveyed taxa a dung beetle C  a45-560 v410aDung beetles1 aKoch, S., O>1 aChown, S., L.1 aDavis, A., L. V.1 aEndrody-Younga, S.1 aVan Jaarsveld, A., S.  uhttps://scarabnet.myspecies.info/conservation-strategies-poorly-surveyed-taxa-dung-beetle-coleoptera-scarabaeidae-case-study-southern01838nas a2200241   4500008004100000245014500041210006900186300001200255490000800267520096100275653001401236653002301250653002601273653001601299653002801315653001401343653002401357100001501381700001701396700002101413700002401434856013801458       2007                        eng d00aEffects of cattle treatment with a fluazuron pour-on on survival and reproduction of the dung beetle species Onthophagus gazella (Fabricius)0 aEffects of cattle treatment with a fluazuron pouron on survival   a380-3840 v1433 aWhile resistance against many other classes of acaricides has been described, products containing benzoylphenyl urea are currently still successfully used against the pesticide-resistant blue tick (Boophilus decoloratus) in South Africa. In order to assess any adverse impact of these tickicides on the important dung beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) fauna, a bioassay was undertaken on the ecotoxicological effects of a fluazuron (benzoylphenyl urea) pour-on formulation (Acatak1) on the survival and reproduction of the African dung beetles species Onthophagus gazella (Fabricius). The experiment yielded no significant differences in adult or larval survival, egg production, fecundity and fertility between the control and treatment group following three beetle generations over. These results suggested that treatment of cattle with the fluazuron pour-on formulation Acatak1 was not detrimental to the selected dung beetle species in any notable way.10aAcaricide10aBenzoylphenyl urea10aBoophilus decoloratus10adung beetle10aecotoxicological effect10aFluazuron10aOnthophagus gazella1 aKryger, U.1 aDeschodt, C.1 aDavis, A., L. V.1 aScholtz, Clarke, H.  uhttps://scarabnet.myspecies.info/effects-cattle-treatment-fluazuron-pour-survival-and-reproduction-dung-beetle-species-onthophagus-ga