02751nas a2200157   4500008004100000245015900041210006900200300001200269490000700281520206800288100002802356700002202384700002502406700002402431856013802455       2004                        eng d00aLarvae of Ceratocanthidae and Hybosoridae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea): study of morphology, phylogenetic analysis and evidence of paraphyly of Hybosoridae0 aLarvae of Ceratocanthidae and Hybosoridae Coleoptera Scarabaeoid  a524-5430 v293 aLarvae of the scarabaeoid genera Germarostes Paulian, Cyphopisthes Gestro, Paulianostes Ballerio, Ceratocanthus White, Pterorthochaetes Gestro, Madrasostes Paulian, Astaenomoechus Martı ́nez & Pereira (Ceratocanthidae) and Hybosorus Macleay, Phaeochrous Castelnau, and Anaides Westwood (Hybo- soridae) are described, keyed and illustrated with fifty-seven drawings. A phylo- genetic analysis of these two families based on larval morphology is presented. Fifty-four larval morphological and three biological characters from twenty-seven taxa revealed nineteen equally parsimonious cladograms. The monophyly of (Ceratocanthidae þ Hybosoridae) is supported by four unambiguous unique syna- pomorphies: dorsal medial endocarina on cranium extended anteriorly into fron- tal sclerite; presence of large membranous spot on apical antennomere; labium dorsally with four pores in centre (secondarily reduced to two pores in some groups); and presence of stridulatory organ on fore- and middle legs (secondarily reduced in some groups). Our analysis suggests that the family Hybosoridae is paraphyletic with respect to Ceratocanthidae. The clade comprising the hybosorid genera Hybosorus and Phaeochrous is the sister group of the remaining Hybo- soridae plus Ceratocanthidae. It is supported by two unambiguous synapomorphies: two apical antennomeres completely joined and the stridulatory organ represented by seven to nine large teeth anteriorly on the middle leg. The hybosorid genus Anaides is a sister group to the remaining Hybosoridae plus Ceratocanthidae (without Hybosorus and Phaeochrous) and the ceratocanthid genus Germarostes is a sister group to the remaining Hybosoridae plus Ceratocanthidae (without Hybosorus, Phaeochrous and Anaides). The ceratocanthid genera Cyphopisthes, Astaenomoechus, Paulianostes, Pterorthochaetes, and Madrasostes constitute a sister group to the hybosorid genus Cryptogenius and are supported by the presence of two reversions: two dorsal pores on labium and completely reduced stridulatory organs on fore- and middle legs. 1 aGrebennikov, Vasily, V.1 aBallerio, Alberto1 aOcampo, Federico, C.1 aScholtz, Clarke, H.  uhttps://scarabnet.myspecies.info/larvae-ceratocanthidae-and-hybosoridae-coleoptera-scarabaeoidea-study-morphology-phylogenetic-analys00624nas a2200169   4500008004100000245009500041210006900136300001200205490000700217653001600224653001600240653001600256653001700272100002800289700002400317856011300341       2004                        eng d00aThe basal phylogeny of Scarabaeoidea (Insecta: Coleoptera) inferred from larval morphology0 abasal phylogeny of Scarabaeoidea Insecta Coleoptera inferred fro  a321-3480 v1810aGeotrupidae10aglaphyridae10ahybosoridae10aScarabaeidae1 aGrebennikov, Vasily, V.1 aScholtz, Clarke, H.  uhttps://scarabnet.myspecies.info/basal-phylogeny-scarabaeoidea-insecta-coleoptera-inferred-larval-morphology02112nas a2200229   4500008004100000245015000041210006900191300001200260490000700272520128500279653001701564653001501581653001601596653001701612653001701629653001101646653000801657100002401665700002701689700002801716856013801744       2004                        eng d00aDung beetle (Scarabaeus (Pachysoma)) biology and immature stages: reversal to ancestral states under deset conditions (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)?0 aDung beetle Scarabaeus Pachysoma biology and immature stages rev  a453-4600 v833 aThe unique feeding biology of the unusual flightless Namib Desert dung beetle species belonging to Scarabaeus ( Pachysoma ) MacLeay (Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) has been studied in the past but in this report we document breeding biology, larval feeding and immature morphology for the first time. Females provision burrows with frag- ments of dry herbivore dung and detritus, in which the larvae develop and on which they feed. This is a novel devi- ation, and a probable reversal to the ancestral state, from the obligatory brood ball constructed from wet dung in which scarab larvae usually develop. The free-living larvae and pupae have several unique attributes that distin- guish them from relatives that develop within the confines of a brood ball and provide additional support for mono- phyly of the group. Many of these also appear as reversals to a probable ancestral condition. Unique larval characters include a left mandible with two teeth, the absence of a ‘coprine’ hump, small spiracles, and two- or indistinctly three- segmented antennae. Those unique to the pupa are the presence of peculiar prothoracic projections, the absence of lateral tergal supporting projections on the abdomen, and the perpendicular elytra and wings relative to the median bodyline.10aBall-rollers10aflightless10afree-living10amonophyletic10anamib desert10aunique10a–1 aScholtz, Clarke, H.1 aHarrison, James, du G.1 aGrebennikov, Vasily, V.  uhttps://scarabnet.myspecies.info/dung-beetle-scarabaeus-pachysoma-biology-and-immature-stages-reversal-ancestral-states-under-deset-c