02395nas a2200325   4500008004100000245009500041210006900136300001200205490000700217520138900224653001401613653001301627653001601640653001601656653001401672653001401686653001501700653002601715653002901741653001701770653001301787653001801800653001901818653001001837653001101847653006001858100001301918700002001931856011801951       2000                        eng d00aMaternal and paternal effects on offspring phenotype in the dung beetle Onthophagus taurus0 aMaternal and paternal effects on offspring phenotype in the dung  a936-9410 v543 aParents often have important influences on the development of traits in their offspring. One mechanism by which parents are able to influence offspring phenotype is through the level of care they provide. In onthophagine dung beetles, parents typically provision their offspring by packing dung fragments into a brood mass. Onthophagus taurus males can be separated into two discrete morphs: Large, "major" males have head horns, whereas "minor" males are hornless. Here we show that a switch in parental provisioning strategies adopted by males coincides with the switch in male morphology. Male provisioning results in the production of heavier brood masses than females will produce alone. However, unlike females in which the level of provisioning increases with body size in a continuous manner, the level of provisioning provided by males represents an "all-or-none" tactic with all major males providing a fixed level of provisioning irrespective of their body size. Offspring size is determined largely by the quantity of dung provided to the developing larvae so that paternal and maternal provisioning affects the body size and horn size of offspring produced. The levels of provisioning by individual parents are significantly repeatable, suggesting paternal and maternal effects as candidate indirect genetic effects in the evolution of horn size in the genus Onthophagus.10aAnimalia-10aAnimals-10aArthropoda-10aArthropods-10aBehavior-10abody-size10abrood-mass10aColeoptera-: Insecta-10aEvolution-and-Adaptation10ahorn-: size-10aInsects-10aInvertebrata-10aInvertebrates-10amale-10amale-p10aOnthophagus-taurus [dung-beetle] (Coleoptera-): female-1 aHunt, J.1 aSimmons, L., W.  uhttps://scarabnet.myspecies.info/maternal-and-paternal-effects-offspring-phenotype-dung-beetle-onthophagus-taurus02648nas a2200289   4500008004100000245008200041210006900123260000800192300001000200490000700210520183400217653002602051653002302077653001702100653001802117653002402135653002702159653002602186653001702212653002002229653001202249653001202261653001802273100001302291700002002304856003402324       2002                        eng d00aBehavioural dynamics of biparental care in the dung beetle Onthophagus taurus0 aBehavioural dynamics of biparental care in the dung beetle Ontho  cJul  a65-750 v643 aIn the dimorphic dung beetle Onthophagus taurus major males provide assistance during offspring provisioning. We examined the behavioural dynamics of biparental care to quantify directly how males and females allocate time to parental and nonparental behaviours and to determine whether parents adjust their level of investment relative to their partner's contribution. Females allocated more of their time budget to parental behaviours than males. The proportion of time females allocated to parental behaviours increased after oviposition while that of a male decreased. Male paternity assurance behaviours were negatively associated with male and female parental behaviours. Theoretical models predict that the investment provided by the members of a cooperative pair should be negatively correlated and that any shortfall of one parent should be partially compensated for by the other. In-the absence of a male, unassisted females allocated more time to parental care, and performed more parental behaviours. However, compensation was incomplete as unassisted females performed fewer parental behaviours than pairs, resulting in significantly lighter brood masses (the egg and its associated dung supply). Males performed more parental behaviours when paired with small females, and small females more than large females. Contrary to prediction, the investments provided by males and females in a cooperative pair were positively correlated. Males coordinated their parental behaviours with the females rather than acting independently. Since parental behaviours were directly related to the weight of brood masses, the observed parental interactions will have important fitness consequences in this species., (C) 2002 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.10afluctuating asymmetry10amale parental care10amale-removal10aorange-tufted10apaternal investment10aprisoners-dilemma game10ared-winged blackbirds10areproductive10asexual conflict10asuccess10asunbird10atree swallows1 aHunt, J.1 aSimmons, L., W.  u<Go to ISI>://00017865720000802417nas a2200301   4500008004100000245006700041210006400108300001000172490000700182520151100189653002301700653001501723653001601738653002801754653002601782653002701808653002701835653002301862653001301885653001801898653002201916653002401938653001301962100001301975700002001988700002002008856008702028       2002                        eng d00aA cost of maternal care in the dung beetle Onthophagus taurus?0 acost of maternal care in the dung beetle Onthophagus taurus  a57-640 v153 aParental care theory assumes that investment in current offspring will trade against future investment. A number of field studies on birds have used clutch size manipulations to demonstrate a survival cost to chick rearing. However, such studies do not account for costs accrued during earlier stages of reproduction because not all aspects of reproductive effort are manipulated by varying the number of nestlings. in this study, we investigate the effect of reproductive effort on female survival in the dung beetle, Onthophagus taurus. By experimentally manipulating mating status and dung availability, we demonstrate that virgin females survive longer than mated females and that the survival of mated females was negatively associated with the number of brood masses produced. Using a novel manipulation of the mating system, we separated the effects of egg production and maternal care on female survival. Previously, we have shown that females provisioning with the assistance of a major male provide relatively less care than unassisted females. However, paternal assistance did not alter the number of brood masses produced and hence the amount of reproductive effort that was allocated to egg production. Therefore, our finding, that female survival was increased when receiving paternal assistance provides, to our knowledge, the first definitive evidence that maternal care reduces female lifespan. These results are of major importance to theoretical models on the evolution of parental care.10aBREEDING BLUE TITS10aBROOD-SIZE10aCLUTCH-SIZE10adrosophila-melanogaster10afluctuating asymmetry10aLIFE-HISTORY EVOLUTION10alife-history trade-off10aOnthophagus taurus10aPARENTAL10aParental care10areproductive cost10areproductive effort10aSURVIVAL1 aHunt, J.1 aSimmons, L., W.1 aKotiaho, J., S.  uhttps://scarabnet.myspecies.info/cost-maternal-care-dung-beetle-onthophagus-taurus